<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[La lettre d'Alexandrina 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[La newsletter pour apprendre l'histoire de l'art simplement. 🎀 Recevez 10 lettres par mois, directement dans votre boîte mail. 💖]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mCIT!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ea7e83e-60b1-4c45-9f8b-c28e44b4b561_1034x1034.png</url><title>La lettre d&apos;Alexandrina 🎀</title><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 12:11:00 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[fr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[lalettredalexandrina@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[lalettredalexandrina@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[lalettredalexandrina@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[lalettredalexandrina@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Les symboles dans la peinture]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hello !]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/les-symboles-dans-la-peinture</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/les-symboles-dans-la-peinture</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 05:01:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hello !</p><p>Avant de vous parler des <strong>symboles dans la peinture</strong>, petit rappel : </p><p><strong>Aujourd&#8217;hui est le dernier jour pour profiter du tarif actuel de mon cours </strong><em><strong>Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art</strong></em><strong>. </strong>Le prix augmentera ensuite.</p><p>Si vous avez envie d&#8217;apprendre &#224; regarder une &#339;uvre autrement, c&#8217;est donc le moment de rejoindre le cours : vous allez notamment apprendre &#224; rep&#233;rer les d&#233;tails importants, &#224; comprendre certains symboles et surtout &#224; ne pas interpr&#233;ter une &#339;uvre au hasard.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je b&#233;n&#233;ficie du tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je b&#233;n&#233;ficie du tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel !</span></a></p><p>Il y a quelque chose que j&#8217;adore dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art : <strong>un d&#233;tail qui semble compl&#232;tement anodin peut parfois changer notre compr&#233;hension d&#8217;une &#339;uvre.</strong></p><p>&#199;a peut &#234;tre une fleur, un animal ou un miroir.</p><p>On les regarde sans forc&#233;ment se demander pourquoi l&#8217;artiste les a repr&#233;sent&#233;s.</p><p>Et pourtant, certains de ces &#233;l&#233;ments peuvent avoir une v&#233;ritable signification.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg" width="450" height="348" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:348,&quot;width&quot;:450,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61126,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211189211?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17cde7d3-5fa6-4c87-b77b-11b5de4f4ea2_450x348.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JfC_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41be70f3-1ef8-4baa-96fd-a27dcc8936c6_450x348.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cr&#226;ne et bougie (Paul C&#233;zanne, 1866)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Prenon l&#8217;exemple du <strong>cr&#226;ne</strong>. Dans les peintures de vanit&#233;, il rappelle g&#233;n&#233;ralement la mort et le caract&#232;re &#233;ph&#233;m&#232;re de l&#8217;existence.</p><p>M&#234;me chose avec <strong>une bougie qui vient de s&#8217;&#233;teindre</strong>. Elle peut &#233;voquer la vie qui s&#8217;ach&#232;ve, tandis qu&#8217;un <strong>sablier</strong> peut rappeler le temps qui passe.</p><p>Et une fleur fan&#233;e ? Elle peut renvoyer au caract&#232;re temporaire de la beaut&#233; et de la vie.</p><p><strong>Le miroir</strong>, lui, est particuli&#232;rement int&#233;ressant. Selon le contexte, il peut &#233;voquer le reflet et l&#8217;apparence, mais aussi la vanit&#233; ou le caract&#232;re trompeur de ce que nous voyons.</p><p>Et les animaux ne sont pas en reste.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic" width="1456" height="638" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:638,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:237628,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211189211?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ceIu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6277de15-f02f-4bb7-91e1-1e2d9df7d881_1758x770.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em><strong>Le P&#233;ch&#233; originel</strong></em><strong> &#8212; Michel-Ange, plafond de la chapelle Sixtine, 1508-1512</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Le chien</strong> peut &#234;tre associ&#233; &#224; la fid&#233;lit&#233;.</p><p><strong>L&#8217;agneau</strong> peut renvoyer au Christ et au sacrifice dans l&#8217;iconographie chr&#233;tienne.</p><p><strong>Le serpent</strong> peut &#233;voquer la tentation et le mal dans certaines repr&#233;sentations bibliques, mais il peut aussi avoir des significations compl&#232;tement diff&#233;rentes selon les cultures et les contextes.</p><p><strong>La colombe</strong> peut notamment &#234;tre associ&#233;e &#224; la paix ou au Saint-Esprit dans l&#8217;art chr&#233;tien.</p><p>Les fleurs aussi poss&#232;dent leurs propres codes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic" width="1100" height="1036" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1036,&quot;width&quot;:1100,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:216498,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211189211?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qe1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46947a5c-01c3-4fae-a349-15c5efe2db86_1100x1036.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>L&#8217;Annonciation</em><span> &#8212; Sandro Botticelli, vers 1489-1490</span></figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Le lys</strong> est tr&#232;s souvent associ&#233; &#224; la puret&#233; et &#224; la Vierge Marie dans la peinture religieuse.</p><p><strong>La rose</strong> peut &#233;voquer l&#8217;amour, mais sa signification d&#233;pend l&#224; encore du contexte.</p><p>Et m&#234;me les couleurs peuvent participer &#224; la construction du sens.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic" width="449" height="569.7969543147208" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:788,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:449,&quot;bytes&quot;:166301,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211189211?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FT6U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd67ab315-b1f4-47cf-8205-b55dc97c27e0_788x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, </strong><em><strong>Paolo et Francesca,</strong></em><span> 1819</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le rouge peut &#233;voquer la passion, le pouvoir, le sang ou encore le danger. </p><p>Le blanc peut &#234;tre associ&#233; &#224; la puret&#233;. </p><p>Le bleu peut notamment avoir une forte dimension religieuse dans certaines &#339;uvres, en particulier lorsqu&#8217;il est associ&#233; &#224; la Vierge Marie.</p><p>Mais attention.</p><p><strong>Il ne faut surtout pas apprendre une liste du type &#171; objet = signification &#187; et s&#8217;arr&#234;ter l&#224;.</strong></p><p>Parce qu&#8217;un serpent ne signifie pas toujours la m&#234;me chose. Une rose ne signifie pas toujours l&#8217;amour. Et un miroir ne signifie pas syst&#233;matiquement la vanit&#233;.</p><p><strong>Le contexte change tout.</strong></p><p>Qui a peint l&#8217;&#339;uvre ? &#192; quelle &#233;poque ? Pour qui ? Quel est son sujet ? Quels autres &#233;l&#233;ments sont repr&#233;sent&#233;s autour de cet objet ? Et surtout : <strong>a-t-on r&#233;ellement des &#233;l&#233;ments qui permettent de lui attribuer cette signification ?</strong></p><p>C&#8217;est l&#224; que l&#8217;analyse devient vraiment int&#233;ressante. Parce qu&#8217;analyser une &#339;uvre, ce n&#8217;est pas chercher des symboles cach&#233;s partout.</p><p>C&#8217;est apprendre &#224; <strong>rep&#233;rer les d&#233;tails qui comptent, comprendre les codes de l&#8217;&#233;poque et faire le lien entre ce que l&#8217;on voit et ce que l&#8217;on sait.</strong></p><p>C&#8217;est exactement ce que je vous apprends dans <strong>Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art</strong>.</p><p>Et si vous voulez rejoindre le cours au <strong>tarif actuel</strong>, vous avez jusqu&#8217;&#224; ce soir.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je d&#233;couvre le cours !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je d&#233;couvre le cours !</span></a></p><p>Le cours sera disponible <strong>le 23 ao&#251;t 2026</strong>.</p><p>&#192; bient&#244;t,</p><p>Alexandrina</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le Radeau de la Méduse : l’histoire vraie derrière le tableau]]></title><description><![CDATA[150 hommes abandonn&#233;s en pleine mer.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/le-radeau-de-la-meduse-lhistoire</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/le-radeau-de-la-meduse-lhistoire</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2026 05:01:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, je vais vous parler du <strong>Radeau de la M&#233;duse</strong>, l&#8217;un des tableaux les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres du Louvre.</p><p>Et pourtant, peu de personnes connaissent vraiment son histoire.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic" width="1456" height="992" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:992,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172851,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211158487?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Radeau de la M&#233;duse, </strong><span>Th&#233;odore G&#233;ricault, 1818-1819</span></figcaption></figure></div><h4><strong>Au programme de cette &#233;dition :</strong></h4><ol><li><p>L&#8217;histoire vraie du naufrage qui a boulevers&#233; la France</p></li><li><p>Zoom sur le tableau : une sc&#232;ne entre d&#233;sespoir et espoir</p></li><li><p>Le Radeau de la M&#233;duse, une critique du pouvoir</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p><strong>Pour information, vous avez jusqu&#8217;&#224; demain pour b&#233;n&#233;ficier de mon nouveau cours &#224; tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel : <a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/">Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art</a>.</strong></p><p>C&#8217;est un cours pens&#233; pour celles et ceux qui vont au mus&#233;e, regardent un tableau&#8230; mais ne savent pas toujours <strong>par o&#249; commencer pour vraiment l&#8217;analyser</strong>.</p><p>Je vous explique concr&#232;tement <strong>quoi regarder dans une &#339;uvre, comment observer sa composition, rep&#233;rer les symboles et comprendre ce qu&#8217;ils peuvent signifier</strong>, mais aussi comment replacer un tableau dans son contexte pour mieux comprendre ce que l&#8217;artiste cherche &#224; nous dire.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;J'en profite !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>J'en profite !</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">L&#8217;histoire vraie du naufrage qui a boulevers&#233; la France</span></h3><p>En juillet 1816, la fr&#233;gate fran&#231;aise <strong>La M&#233;duse</strong> quitte la France pour rejoindre le S&#233;n&#233;gal. L&#8217;&#233;quipage est charg&#233; de r&#233;cup&#233;rer les comptoirs coloniaux, pris par les Anglais quelques ann&#233;es plus t&#244;t.</p><p>&#192; bord, pr&#232;s de 400 personnes : des marins, des soldats, des colons, mais aussi des repr&#233;sentants du pouvoir.</p><p>Le navire est command&#233; par <strong>Hugues Duroy de Chaumareys</strong>, un ancien &#233;migr&#233; royaliste qui n&#8217;a pratiquement plus navigu&#233; depuis vingt-cinq ans (donc ce n&#8217;est pas l&#8217;homme le plus exp&#233;riment&#233;&#8230; &#128531;) .</p><p>Le 2 juillet, la M&#233;duse s&#8217;&#233;choue sur un banc de sable au large de la Mauritanie. Le banc &#233;tait pourtant indiqu&#233; sur les cartes. On tente de remettre le navire &#224; flot, sans succ&#232;s. Il faut &#233;vacuer.</p><p>Les canots de sauvetage ne peuvent pas accueillir tout le monde. Alors on construit, avec des morceaux de la fr&#233;gate, un immense radeau de fortune sur lequel prennent place environ <strong>150 personnes</strong>.</p><p>Au d&#233;part, les canots doivent le remorquer. Puis la corde est coup&#233;e.</p><p><strong>Le radeau est abandonn&#233; en pleine mer.</strong></p><p>Pendant treize jours, les naufrag&#233;s sont livr&#233;s &#224; eux-m&#234;mes, sans v&#233;ritable moyen de navigation, avec tr&#232;s peu d&#8217;eau et de nourriture. La premi&#232;re nuit, plusieurs hommes sont emport&#233;s par les vagues. Puis les tensions &#233;clatent.</p><p>Des hommes se battent. Certains sont tu&#233;s.</p><p>Et, lorsque les r&#233;serves viennent &#224; manquer, les survivants en arrivent au cannibalisme.</p><p>Au bout de quelques jours, ils ne sont d&#233;j&#224; plus qu&#8217;une trentaine. </p><p>Au bout de treize jours, un navire appara&#238;t enfin &#224; l&#8217;horizon. Il s&#8217;agit de L&#8217;Argus, venu secourir les survivants. Seuls quinze hommes sont encore vivants<em> (certains mourront peu apr&#232;s).</em></p><p>Les t&#233;moignages des rescap&#233;s r&#233;v&#232;lent les circonstances du naufrage et mettent directement en cause le commandement de la M&#233;duse.</p><p>La question devient embarrassante pour la monarchie restaur&#233;e : <strong>comment une telle catastrophe a-t-elle pu se produire ?</strong></p><p>Le commandant est finalement jug&#233; et condamn&#233;.</p><p>C&#8217;est cette histoire que <strong>Th&#233;odore G&#233;ricault</strong> d&#233;cide de peindre.</p><p>Et il ne choisit pas une petite toile. Il r&#233;alise une &#339;uvre de <strong>4,91 m&#232;tres sur 7,16 m&#232;tres</strong>, un format monumental normalement r&#233;serv&#233; aux grands sujets de la peinture d&#8217;histoire.</p><p>Mais G&#233;ricault ne peint ni un roi, ni une bataille, ni un h&#233;ros de l&#8217;Antiquit&#233;. Il peint des hommes abandonn&#233;s en mer.</p><p>Pour pr&#233;parer son tableau, G&#233;ricault m&#232;ne une v&#233;ritable enqu&#234;te. Il rencontre des survivants, &#233;tudie leurs r&#233;cits, r&#233;alise de nombreuses &#233;tudes pr&#233;paratoires et construit une maquette du radeau afin de travailler la disposition des personnages.</p><p>Il cherche surtout &#224; rendre les corps cr&#233;dibles. Pour cela, il observe directement des cadavres et des membres humains, afin de comprendre la couleur de la peau, les muscles et les effets de la mort.</p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Zoom sur le tableau : une sc&#232;ne entre d&#233;sespoir et espoir</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic" width="1456" height="992" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:992,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172851,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211158487?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TTCm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f35c130-0d8a-4483-9caa-8b836d495b13_1500x1022.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Si on regarde de plus pr&#232;s les corps, on voit qu&#8217;ils ne sont pas tous dans le m&#234;me &#233;tat.</p><p>Au premier plan, certains sont morts ou agonisent encore. Un vieil homme tient un corps sur ses genoux, comme s&#8217;il avait d&#233;j&#224; renonc&#233; &#224; chercher le salut.</p><p>Puis, en remontant dans la composition, les corps se redressent peu &#224; peu.</p><p>Les hommes regardent au loin. Ils tendent les bras.</p><p>Et tout en haut de cette pyramide humaine, un homme agite un morceau de tissu pour attirer l&#8217;attention d&#8217;un navire &#224; peine visible &#224; l&#8217;horizon.</p><p><strong>On passe ainsi de la mort &#224; l&#8217;espoir. </strong>Mais cet espoir est extr&#234;mement fragile. Le navire est minuscule.</p><p>Et surtout, les naufrag&#233;s ne savent pas encore s&#8217;ils seront sauv&#233;s. G&#233;ricault ne repr&#233;sente donc pas le sauvetage. <strong>Il repr&#233;sente l&#8217;instant juste avant. </strong>Celui o&#249; l&#8217;on aper&#231;oit enfin quelque chose &#224; l&#8217;horizon et o&#249; l&#8217;on recommence &#224; croire que l&#8217;on peut survivre.</p><p>La composition accentue cette tension. Les corps forment une grande pyramide qui monte depuis les cadavres jusqu&#8217;au personnage qui agite le tissu. Notre regard suit naturellement cette diagonale ascendante.</p><p>Mais juste &#224; c&#244;t&#233;, le m&#226;t et les cordages forment une ligne qui part dans la direction oppos&#233;e. <strong>Le regard est donc constamment partag&#233; entre ceux qui esp&#232;rent &#234;tre sauv&#233;s et le radeau qui semble pouvoir sombrer &#224; tout moment.</strong></p><p><strong>Tout, dans la composition, cr&#233;e cette tension entre l&#8217;espoir et la catastrophe.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic" width="1456" height="1258" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1258,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:205303,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211158487?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2M_i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a00cd9b-a0c4-4c5a-905b-420602b53960_1500x1296.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Et si on regarde encore une fois les corps, quelque chose frappe : ils sont extr&#234;mement muscl&#233;s, presque h&#233;ro&#239;ques. C&#8217;est &#233;tonnant pour une sc&#232;ne aussi terrible.</p><p>G&#233;ricault reprend ici les codes de la peinture acad&#233;mique et les r&#233;f&#233;rences &#224; l&#8217;Antiquit&#233;. Mais il les utilise pour montrer des hommes qui ne meurent pas en h&#233;ros. <strong>Ils meurent parce qu&#8217;ils ont &#233;t&#233; abandonn&#233;s.</strong></p><p>La mer joue elle aussi un r&#244;le essentiel. Une immense vague menace le radeau sur la gauche, tandis que le ciel sombre et agit&#233; renforce l&#8217;impression de danger.</p><p>Les hommes sont minuscules face &#224; cette nature qui peut les engloutir &#224; tout moment.</p><p>C&#8217;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment ce qui fait entrer le tableau dans le <strong>Romantisme</strong> : l&#8217;importance donn&#233;e aux &#233;motions, &#224; la souffrance, &#224; la peur, &#224; l&#8217;espoir, mais aussi &#224; la puissance de la nature face &#224; laquelle l&#8217;&#234;tre humain se d&#233;couvre vuln&#233;rable.</p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Le Radeau de la M&#233;duse est une critique du pouvoir</span></h3><p>Le naufrage de la M&#233;duse devient rapidement un scandale politique parce qu&#8217;il met en cause le commandement du navire et, plus largement, le syst&#232;me qui a permis cette nomination.</p><p>Le radeau peut alors &#234;tre lu comme une image de la France elle-m&#234;me : <strong>un pays &#224; la d&#233;rive apr&#232;s les bouleversements de la R&#233;volution et de l&#8217;Empire.</strong></p><p>G&#233;ricault ne repr&#233;sente pas directement le roi.</p><p>Il montre les cons&#233;quences de l&#8217;incomp&#233;tence de ceux qui &#233;taient cens&#233;s diriger et prot&#233;ger.</p><p>Et lorsqu&#8217;il pr&#233;sente le tableau au <strong>Salon de 1819</strong>, le scandale est &#224; la hauteur de l&#8217;&#339;uvre.</p><p>Le sujet est contemporain. L&#8217;affaire est encore fra&#238;che. Et G&#233;ricault vient de donner les dimensions d&#8217;une grande peinture d&#8217;histoire &#224; une catastrophe qui met en cause le pouvoir en place.</p><p><strong>Il transforme donc un fait divers en sujet majeur. </strong>Il transforme des anonymes en personnages monumentaux.</p><p>Et il transforme un naufrage en une r&#233;flexion sur la mort, l&#8217;injustice, le pouvoir, la survie et l&#8217;espoir.</p><p>C&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre pour cela que <strong>Le Radeau de la M&#233;duse</strong> nous touche encore autant aujourd&#8217;hui.</p><div><hr></div><p>Pour rappel, <strong>vous avez jusqu&#8217;&#224; demain pour b&#233;n&#233;ficier du tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel de mon nouveau cours </strong><em><strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/">Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art</a></strong></em><strong>.</strong></p><p>Dans ce cours, je vous apprends concr&#232;tement &#224; analyser une &#339;uvre, &#233;tape par &#233;tape :</p><p><strong>1. Apprendre &#224; regarder</strong><br>Savoir quoi observer dans une &#339;uvre et faire la diff&#233;rence entre ce que vous voyez r&#233;ellement et ce que vous supposez.</p><p><strong>2. Comprendre comment une &#339;uvre est construite</strong><br>Composition, couleurs, lumi&#232;re, lignes, personnages&#8230; Vous comprendrez comment tous ces &#233;l&#233;ments sont utilis&#233;s pour guider votre regard.</p><p><strong>3. D&#233;coder ce que vous voyez</strong><br>Vous apprendrez &#224; reconna&#238;tre les symboles, les attributs et les petits d&#233;tails qui peuvent changer compl&#232;tement la compr&#233;hension d&#8217;une &#339;uvre.</p><p><strong>4. Identifier ce que l&#8217;&#339;uvre repr&#233;sente</strong><br>Portrait, paysage, sc&#232;ne de genre, sc&#232;ne biblique, mythologie, all&#233;gorie&#8230; Vous apprendrez &#224; reconna&#238;tre les grands sujets de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><p><strong>5. Replacer l&#8217;&#339;uvre dans son contexte</strong><br>Qui l&#8217;a cr&#233;&#233;e ? Quand ? Pour qui ? Pourquoi ? Dans quel contexte ? Vous d&#233;couvrirez comment le contexte historique, la commande et la fonction de l&#8217;&#339;uvre permettent de mieux la comprendre.</p><p>Et enfin, vous apprendrez &#224; <strong>rassembler toutes ces informations pour passer de l&#8217;observation &#224; l&#8217;interpr&#233;tation</strong>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je d&#233;couvre le cours !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je d&#233;couvre le cours !</span></a></p><p>Le cours sera disponible <strong>le 23 ao&#251;t 2026</strong>.</p><p>Alexandrina</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[3 étapes pour analyser une peinture 🖼️]]></title><description><![CDATA[Coucou les Jocondes,]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/3-etapes-pour-analyser-une-peinture</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/3-etapes-pour-analyser-une-peinture</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 05:01:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Coucou les Jocondes,</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, je partage avec vous une m&#233;thode simple en 3 &#233;tapes pour analyser une  &#339;uvre d&#8217;art.  &#128071;&#127995;</p><div><hr></div><p>Petit rappel, je lance mon cours &#8220;<strong><span>Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art&#8221;</span></strong> pour vous apprendre &#224; <strong>regarder une &#339;uvre, &#224; l&#8217;analyser et &#224; comprendre ce que vous avez sous les yeux</strong>.</p><p>Le cours est actuellement disponible<strong> &#224; tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel</strong>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je b&#233;n&#233;ficie du tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je b&#233;n&#233;ficie du tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel !</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Pour que ce soit plus concret, on va analyser <strong>La Libert&#233; guidant le peuple d&#8217;Eug&#232;ne Delacroix</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic" width="527" height="421.6" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:527,&quot;bytes&quot;:300652,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/211106181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gv1_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e81dad5-de24-471d-bd6a-1e767f2e5fc8_1280x1024.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>1. Qu&#8217;est-ce que je vois ?</strong></h3><p>La premi&#232;re chose &#224; faire est tr&#232;s simple : <strong>d&#233;crire ce qui est devant nos yeux, sans chercher imm&#233;diatement &#224; l&#8217;interpr&#233;ter.</strong></p><blockquote><p>Par exemple :</p><p>Je vois une femme au centre du tableau. Elle avance vers nous et tient un drapeau dans sa main droite. Elle porte une robe claire, qui laisse appara&#238;tre sa poitrine.</p><p>&#192; ses pieds, plusieurs hommes sont &#233;tendus au sol. Derri&#232;re elle, une foule avance dans sa direction. Certains personnages sont arm&#233;s.</p><p>Je remarque &#233;galement un enfant au premier plan, des b&#226;timents et beaucoup de fum&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;arri&#232;re-plan.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>2. Qu&#8217;est-ce que cette observation peut me r&#233;v&#233;ler ?</strong></h3><p>C&#8217;est ici que l&#8217;on commence v&#233;ritablement &#224; <strong>analyser l&#8217;&#339;uvre</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Commen&#231;ons par la composition.</strong></h4><p>La sc&#232;ne est organis&#233;e autour d&#8217;une composition en triangle : les personnages forment une sorte de pyramide dont la femme au drapeau constitue le sommet.</p><h4>Regardez maintenant la <strong>lumi&#232;re</strong>.</h4><p>Elle attire directement notre regard vers cette femme. </p><p><strong>C&#8217;est la premi&#232;re chose que l&#8217;on remarque. </strong>Puis notre regard descend vers l&#8217;enfant, avant de se d&#233;placer vers les hommes arm&#233;s et le reste de la foule.</p><p>L&#8217;artiste utilise donc la composition et la lumi&#232;re pour <strong>organiser notre regard</strong>.</p><h4>Mais on peut aussi se demander : <strong>qu&#8217;est-ce que cette &#339;uvre me fait ressentir ?</strong></h4><p>Il y a &#233;norm&#233;ment de mouvement. Les corps avancent, les bras se l&#232;vent, les armes sont brandies. On a presque l&#8217;impression que les personnages sont en train de se pr&#233;cipiter vers nous.</p><p>La gestuelle donne donc &#224; la sc&#232;ne une impression de <strong>force, d&#8217;&#233;nergie et de d&#233;termination</strong>.</p><h4>Puis viennent les d&#233;tails.</h4><p>Le premier qui attire notre attention est &#233;videmment <strong>le drapeau bleu, blanc, rouge</strong>.</p><p>M&#234;me sans conna&#238;tre toute l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;&#339;uvre, ce symbole nous donne d&#233;j&#224; une indication : nous sommes face &#224; une sc&#232;ne qui concerne la France.</p><p>On peut &#233;galement observer les v&#234;tements des personnages.</p><p>L&#8217;homme au premier plan porte un <strong>chapeau haut-de-forme</strong>, qui peut &#233;voquer un bourgeois.</p><p>D&#8217;autres personnages semblent appartenir &#224; des milieux sociaux diff&#233;rents (ouvriers, &#233;tudiants, l'arm&#233;e royale).</p><p>Et puis il y a cette femme.</p><p>Sa peau est plus claire que celle des hommes qui l&#8217;entourent.</p><p>Elle est plus grande qu&#8217;eux, elle avance au-dessus de la foule, elle est presque id&#233;alis&#233;e.</p><p>Sa poitrine d&#233;couverte, sa posture et sa monumentalit&#233; lui donnent davantage l&#8217;apparence d&#8217;une <strong>figure all&#233;gorique ou mythologique</strong> que celle d&#8217;une femme ordinaire.</p><h3><strong>3. Que repr&#233;sente l&#8217;&#339;uvre et dans quel contexte a-t-elle &#233;t&#233; cr&#233;&#233;e ?</strong></h3><p><em>La derni&#232;re &#233;tape peut nous demander de faire quelques recherches.</em></p><p>Le <strong>cartel</strong> constitue d&#233;j&#224; une premi&#232;re source d&#8217;information : le titre, l&#8217;artiste, la date, le lieu de conservation&#8230;</p><p>Mais il faut ensuite aller plus loin.</p><p><strong>&#192; quelle &#233;poque l&#8217;&#339;uvre a-t-elle &#233;t&#233; r&#233;alis&#233;e ? Que se passe-t-il &#224; ce moment-l&#224; ? Quel &#233;v&#233;nement historique peut &#234;tre li&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre ? Pourquoi l&#8217;artiste choisit-il de repr&#233;senter ce sujet &#224; ce moment pr&#233;cis ?</strong></p><p>Et surtout : <strong>qui est l&#8217;artiste ? </strong>Quelle est son histoire ? Dans quel milieu a-t-il grandi ? Quelles &#233;taient ses id&#233;es et ses convictions ? Quelle &#233;tait sa situation au moment o&#249; il r&#233;alise cette &#339;uvre ? Avait-il d&#233;j&#224; travaill&#233; sur ce sujet ? Pour qui r&#233;alise-t-il cette &#339;uvre ? Et pourquoi ?</p><p>Toutes ces questions peuvent nous donner des cl&#233;s essentielles pour comprendre ses choix.</p><p>Dans le cas de <em><strong>La Libert&#233; guidant le peuple</strong></em>, le titre nous indique d&#233;j&#224; que la femme au centre repr&#233;sente <strong>la Libert&#233;</strong>.</p><p>La date nous donne ensuite une deuxi&#232;me cl&#233; : <strong>1830</strong>.</p><p>Si l&#8217;on conna&#238;t un peu l&#8217;histoire de France, on sait que les <strong>27, 28 et 29 juillet 1830</strong>, les Parisiens se soul&#232;vent contre le roi Charles X. Ce sont les <strong>Trois Glorieuses</strong>, qui entra&#238;nent la chute du roi Charles X et l&#8217;arriv&#233;e de Louis-Philippe au pouvoir. </p><p>Le tableau repr&#233;sente donc un &#233;v&#233;nement <strong>tr&#232;s r&#233;cent</strong> au moment o&#249; Delacroix le peint.</p><p>Or, Delacroix n&#8217;&#233;tait pas un r&#233;volutionnaire descendu dans la rue prendre les armes.  Alors pourquoi peindre cette r&#233;volution ?</p><p>Il y a une <strong>dimension personnelle et professionnelle</strong>.</p><p>En 1830, Delacroix a 32 ans. Il est d&#233;j&#224; connu, mais sa carri&#232;re traverse une p&#233;riode difficile : <em><strong>La Mort de Sardanapale</strong></em>, pr&#233;sent&#233;e en 1828, a &#233;t&#233; un &#233;chec commercial et personne n&#8217;a achet&#233; le tableau. Delacroix se retrouve alors dans une situation o&#249; sa carri&#232;re de peintre d&#8217;histoire est en difficult&#233;. </p><p>La r&#233;volution de 1830 lui offre donc une <strong>occasion de rebondir</strong>.</p><p>Il choisit un sujet contemporain, spectaculaire, li&#233; &#224; l&#8217;actualit&#233; fran&#231;aise, et se met au travail d&#232;s septembre 1830. Le tableau est termin&#233; en d&#233;cembre, en seulement quelques mois. </p><p>Et il y a un autre &#233;l&#233;ment particuli&#232;rement int&#233;ressant &#224; observer : <strong>le drapeau tricolore</strong>.</p><p>Delacroix vient  d&#8217;une famille tr&#232;s li&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;histoire politique fran&#231;aise et &#224; l&#8217;Empire napol&#233;onien. </p><p>Apr&#232;s la R&#233;volution fran&#231;aise et l&#8217;Empire, le drapeau tricolore avait &#233;t&#233; remplac&#233; par le drapeau blanc sous la Restauration. Il r&#233;appara&#238;t lors des Trois Glorieuses et devient alors un symbole du mouvement qui s&#8217;oppose &#224; Charles X.</p><p>Pour Delacroix, ce drapeau peut donc &#233;galement faire &#233;cho &#224; <strong>l&#8217;histoire familiale et &#224; l&#8217;h&#233;ritage napol&#233;onien</strong> dans lequel il a grandi.</p><div><hr></div><p>Ce que je viens de vous montrer n&#8217;est &#233;videmment <strong>qu&#8217;un aper&#231;u de la m&#233;thode et de l&#8217;analyse</strong>. On peut pousser l&#8217;analyse d&#8217;une &#339;uvre beaucoup plus loin.</p><p>Mais c&#8217;est justement ce que je vous propose d&#8217;apprendre dans mon cours <strong>Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art</strong>.</p><p>Je d&#233;veloppe chacune de ces &#233;tapes beaucoup plus en d&#233;tail et je vous donne &#233;galement <strong>les cl&#233;s et les connaissances essentielles pour pouvoir analyser une &#339;uvre par vous-m&#234;me</strong>.</p><p>Vous trouverez notamment des listes des <strong>symboles et attributs les plus courants dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art</strong>, des <strong>sc&#232;nes et sujets fr&#233;quemment repr&#233;sent&#233;s</strong>, ainsi que des rep&#232;res pour reconna&#238;tre plus facilement certains personnages, &#233;pisodes mythologiques, bibliques ou historiques.</p><p>L&#8217;objectif est que vous ne soyez pas seulement capable d&#8217;observer une &#339;uvre, mais que vous ayez <strong>les bons r&#233;flexes et suffisamment de cl&#233;s pour commencer &#224; la d&#233;coder. </strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je d&#233;couvre le cours !&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je d&#233;couvre le cours !</span></a></p><p>Et en rejoignant la b&#234;ta maintenant, vous b&#233;n&#233;ficiez du <strong>tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel r&#233;serv&#233; aux premiers inscrits</strong>. Le prix augmentera progressivement au fil des inscriptions.</p><p>Le cours sera disponible <strong>le 23 ao&#251;t 2026</strong>.</p><p>Alexandrina</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Comment comprendre une œuvre d’art ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Apprenez &#224; vraiment regarder une &#339;uvre et &#224; comprendre ce que vous avez sous les yeux.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/comment-comprendre-une-uvre-dart</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/comment-comprendre-une-uvre-dart</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 05:01:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mCIT!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ea7e83e-60b1-4c45-9f8b-c28e44b4b561_1034x1034.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Coucou,</p><p>Vous est-il d&#233;j&#224; arriv&#233; de vous retrouver devant une &#339;uvre dans un mus&#233;e et de vous demander : <strong>&#171; Qu&#8217;est-ce que je suis cens&#233; regarder ? &#187;</strong></p><p>Vous voyez les personnages, les couleurs, le d&#233;cor. Vous lisez peut-&#234;tre le cartel. Puis, quelques secondes plus tard, vous passez &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre suivante avec l&#8217;impression de ne pas avoir vraiment compris ce que vous aviez sous les yeux.</p><p>C&#8217;est justement pour r&#233;pondre &#224; cette frustration que je lance mon nouveau cours :</p><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Comprendre une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art &#127912;</span></strong></h3><p>L&#8217;objectif est simple : vous donner une <strong>m&#233;thode pour observer, analyser et comprendre une &#339;uvre</strong>, m&#234;me lorsque vous ne la connaissez pas.</p><p>Dans ce cours, vous apprendrez &#224; :</p><p><strong>1. Apprendre &#224; regarder une &#339;uvre</strong><br><strong>2. Comprendre comment une &#339;uvre est construite</strong><br><strong>3. D&#233;coder ce que vous voyez</strong><br><strong>4. Identifier ce que l&#8217;&#339;uvre repr&#233;sente</strong><br><strong>5. Replacer l&#8217;&#339;uvre dans son histoire</strong><br><strong>6. Passer de l&#8217;observation &#224; l&#8217;interpr&#233;tation</strong></p><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Aujourd&#8217;hui, j&#8217;ouvre les inscriptions &#224; la version b&#234;ta.</span></strong></h3><p>Le cours sera disponible <strong>le 23 ao&#251;t 2026</strong>, mais vous pouvez le rejoindre d&#232;s maintenant &#224; un <strong>tarif pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel r&#233;serv&#233; aux premiers inscrits</strong>.</p><p><strong>Le prix augmentera progressivement au fil des inscriptions.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Je rejoins le cours au tarif b&#234;ta&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/comprendre-une-oeuvre-dart/"><span>Je rejoins le cours au tarif b&#234;ta</span></a></p><p>Aucun pr&#233;requis n&#8217;est n&#233;cessaire. Le cours a &#233;t&#233; pens&#233; pour &#234;tre accessible m&#234;me si vous d&#233;butez compl&#232;tement en histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><p>&#192; tr&#232;s vite,</p><p>Alexandrina</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[7 chefs-d’œuvre à connaître absolument]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vous les avez s&#251;rement d&#233;j&#224; vues. Mais savez-vous vraiment ce qu&#8217;elles racontent ?]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/7-chefs-duvre-a-connaitre-absolument</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/7-chefs-duvre-a-connaitre-absolument</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 18:07:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Coucou les Ambassadeurs,</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, je vous propose de vous pr&#233;senter <strong>sept chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre, de la Renaissance au XIXe si&#232;cle</strong>, qui permettent &#224; eux seuls d&#8217;aborder des th&#232;mes comme le pouvoir, la mort, le d&#233;sir, la litt&#233;rature, le travail, la maternit&#233; ou encore la solitude.</p><div><hr></div><p>Pour rappel, cette newsletter est accessible gratuitement, mais les abonn&#233;s qui ont pay&#233; b&#233;n&#233;ficient de : </p><p><strong>&#127872; 10 lettres in&#233;dites par mois</strong></p><p>&#127872; Un acc&#232;s &#224; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#127872; Mon livret <strong>&#171; Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#128150; Mes remerciements pour me soutenir dans mon travail </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">1. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Les Ambassadeurs</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; Hans Holbein le Jeune, 1533 (National Gallery, Londres)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic" width="1280" height="1261" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1261,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:391177,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oijg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11c3f1-0ae5-4c10-95c8-63e2ec014edd_1280x1261.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/catalogues/foister-2024/the-ambassadors?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Cliquez ici pour voir la peinture en haut d&#233;finition.</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Au premier regard, <em>Les Ambassadeurs</em> ressemble &#224; un somptueux double portrait. &#192; gauche se tient <strong>Jean de Dinteville</strong>, ambassadeur de France &#224; Londres. &#192; droite, son ami <strong>Georges de Selve</strong>, &#233;v&#234;que de Lavaur. Entre eux s&#8217;accumulent globes, instruments scientifiques, livres et instruments de musique.</p><p>Nous sommes en <strong>1533</strong>, en pleine Renaissance. L&#8217;Europe est travers&#233;e par des tensions politiques et religieuses, tandis qu&#8217;Henri VIII s&#8217;appr&#234;te &#224; rompre avec l&#8217;&#201;glise de Rome.</p><p>Les objets repr&#233;sent&#233;s c&#233;l&#232;brent les connaissances d&#8217;un homme cultiv&#233; de la Renaissance : astronomie, g&#233;om&#233;trie, arithm&#233;tique et musique. </p><p><span>Mais en y regardant de plus pr&#232;s, certains objets semblent r&#233;v&#233;ler les tensions de l&#8217;&#233;poque. </span><strong>Une corde du luth est cass&#233;e, une fl&#251;te manque dans son &#233;tui et le cadran indique des heures diff&#233;rentes.</strong><span> Autant de signes de d&#233;sordre qui peuvent faire &#233;cho aux divisions politiques et religieuses qui traversent alors l&#8217;Europe.</span></p><p>Derri&#232;re cette c&#233;l&#233;bration du savoir appara&#238;t donc aussi un monde marqu&#233; par les divisions.</p><p>Et surtout, il y a cette &#233;trange forme au premier plan. Vue de face, elle para&#238;t presque incompr&#233;hensible. Mais en observant le tableau depuis un certain angle, <strong>elle se transforme en cr&#226;ne</strong>. C&#8217;est ce qu&#8217;on appelle une <strong>anamorphose</strong> : une image volontairement d&#233;form&#233;e qui ne retrouve sa forme correcte que lorsqu&#8217;on la regarde depuis un point de vue pr&#233;cis.</p><p>Ce cr&#226;ne est &#233;galement un <strong>memento mori</strong>, une expression latine signifiant <strong>&#171; souviens-toi que tu vas mourir &#187;</strong>. Dans l&#8217;art, les <em>memento mori</em> sont des &#233;l&#233;ments (souvent un cr&#226;ne) destin&#233;s &#224; rappeler que la vie est courte et que la mort est in&#233;vitable. Au milieu de tous ces objets &#233;voquant la richesse, le savoir et les accomplissements humains, Holbein rappelle ainsi une chose : <strong>aussi puissants ou savants que nous soyons, nous sommes mortels.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">2. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">La V&#233;nus d&#8217;Urbin</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; Titien, 1538 (</span><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Mus&#233;e des Offices,</span></strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> Florence)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic" width="1456" height="1046" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1046,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:492959,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!edz2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e22ecba-e498-44ff-8d96-274c3b845511_1665x1196.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Quelques ann&#233;es plus tard, Titien peint l&#8217;un des nus les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres de la Renaissance.</p><p>Une femme nue est allong&#233;e dans un int&#233;rieur v&#233;nitien. De nombreux d&#233;tails peuvent &#233;voquer le mariage : les cheveux d&#233;tach&#233;s, le petit chien associ&#233; &#224; la fid&#233;lit&#233;, le myrte li&#233; &#224; la constance et, &#224; l&#8217;arri&#232;re-plan, deux servantes pr&#232;s d&#8217;un coffre pouvant &#234;tre identifi&#233; comme un <em>cassone</em>, meuble traditionnellement associ&#233; aux jeunes mari&#233;es.</p><p>Mais cette interpr&#233;tation n&#8217;explique pas tout. Les roses, le regard de la jeune femme et surtout le geste de sa main donnent &#233;galement &#224; la peinture une dimension ouvertement sensuelle dont la signification exacte reste d&#233;battue.</p><p>Cette V&#233;nus aura une immense post&#233;rit&#233;. Trois si&#232;cles plus tard, <strong>Manet s&#8217;en inspirera pour son </strong><em><strong>Olympia</strong></em>, l&#8217;un des nus les plus scandaleux du XIXe si&#232;cle.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic" width="313" height="212.1778846153846" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:987,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:313,&quot;bytes&quot;:566094,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Go8k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de6cb19-74dd-4ccf-b575-efd0a20fdc41_1920x1301.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, Mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">3. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Dante et Virgile</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; William Bouguereau, 1850 (Mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic" width="393" height="490.52863436123346" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:681,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:393,&quot;bytes&quot;:56112,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WDrv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35464e0e-80dd-4554-aabb-d52b79b88bcd_682x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nous voici d&#233;sormais en enfer.</p><p>Bouguereau s&#8217;inspire de <em><strong>La Divine Com&#233;die</strong></em><strong> de Dante</strong> et repr&#233;sente un &#233;pisode du huiti&#232;me cercle de l&#8217;Enfer, r&#233;serv&#233; notamment aux falsificateurs. Dante et Virgile assistent au combat de deux damn&#233;s : <strong>Gianni Schicchi et Capocchio</strong>.</p><p>Schicchi se jette sur son adversaire et le mord tandis que Capocchio lui agrippe les cheveux. Les corps sont pouss&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;extr&#234;me : muscles contract&#233;s, torsions spectaculaires, gestes violents&#8230; Bouguereau utilise toute sa ma&#238;trise de l&#8217;anatomie acad&#233;mique pour repr&#233;senter une sc&#232;ne presque incontr&#244;lable.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;arri&#232;re-plan, Dante et Virgile observent la sc&#232;ne, tandis qu&#8217;un d&#233;mon ail&#233; domine les personnages. Plus loin encore, des corps disparaissent dans les flammes.</p><p>C&#8217;est ce contraste qui rend la peinture incroyable : <strong>une technique extr&#234;mement ma&#238;tris&#233;e mise au service du chaos absolu.</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"> En optant pour un abonnement payant, vous acc&#233;dez &#224; mon programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187; dans lequel chaque jour, j&#8217;analyse une &#339;uvre.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>  </p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">4. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Oph&#233;lie</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; John Everett Millais, 1851-1852 (Tate Britain, Londres)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic" width="1456" height="990" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:990,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:880104,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y1h0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb50d21b4-7792-48ab-b023-8c53d2756867_1920x1306.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Une jeune femme flotte dans une rivi&#232;re, les bras ouverts, entour&#233;e de fleurs. La sc&#232;ne para&#238;t presque paisible. Pourtant, nous assistons &#224; une trag&#233;die.</p><p>Millais s&#8217;inspire d&#8217;<em><strong>Hamlet</strong></em><strong> de Shakespeare</strong>. Apr&#232;s la rupture avec Hamlet et la mort de son p&#232;re, Oph&#233;lie sombre dans la d&#233;tresse. Alors qu&#8217;elle tente d&#8217;accrocher une guirlande &#224; un arbre, elle tombe dans une rivi&#232;re et se noie.</p><p>Millais appartient &#224; la confr&#233;rie des <strong>pr&#233;rapha&#233;lites</strong>, un groupe de jeunes artistes anglais fond&#233; en 1848. </p><p>Leur but est de retrouver une peinture proche de celle des artistes <strong>ant&#233;rieurs &#224; Rapha&#235;l</strong>, qu&#8217;ils admiraient pour ses couleurs &#233;clatantes, la pr&#233;cision de ses d&#233;tails et son observation de la nature. </p><p>Ils rejettent ainsi une partie de la peinture acad&#233;mique de leur &#233;poque et puisent volontiers leurs sujets dans <strong>la litt&#233;rature, le Moyen &#194;ge, la religion et les l&#233;gendes</strong>. </p><p>Dans <em>Oph&#233;lie</em>, cela se traduit notamment par une v&#233;g&#233;tation peinte avec une pr&#233;cision extraordinaire et par le choix d&#8217;un &#233;pisode tir&#233; de Shakespeare.</p><p>Pour r&#233;aliser le paysage, le peintre travaille pendant plusieurs mois au bord de la rivi&#232;re Hogsmill. Chaque plante est minutieusement repr&#233;sent&#233;e. Les fleurs poss&#232;dent &#233;galement une valeur symbolique : les marguerites &#233;voquent l&#8217;innocence, le saule l&#8217;amour abandonn&#233;, les violettes la fid&#233;lit&#233; et le coquelicot le sommeil et la mort.</p><p>Le mod&#232;le d&#8217;Oph&#233;lie est <strong>Elizabeth Siddal</strong>, elle-m&#234;me artiste. Millais la fait poser dans une baignoire pour reproduire le corps flottant dans l&#8217;eau. Elle tombe malade pendant les s&#233;ances. Dix ans plus tard, elle meurt d&#8217;une overdose de laudanum.</p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">5. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Les Raboteurs de parquet</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; Gustave Caillebotte, 1875 (Mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic" width="850" height="593" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:593,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:113158,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9lQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb70e3ec1-0025-4a24-b986-1f62657aafee_850x594.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 1875, Caillebotte choisit un sujet qui peut sembler banal : <strong>trois ouvriers rabotant le parquet d&#8217;un appartement parisien</strong>.</p><p>Mais repr&#233;senter ainsi des travailleurs urbains est encore inhabituel. Les peintres r&#233;alistes avaient d&#233;j&#224; repr&#233;sent&#233; les paysans et les ouvriers des campagnes ; Caillebotte introduit ici dans la grande peinture les travailleurs du Paris moderne.</p><p>Le Salon de 1875 refuse d&#8217;ailleurs le tableau, notamment en raison de son r&#233;alisme jug&#233; trop cru. L&#8217;ann&#233;e suivante, Caillebotte le pr&#233;sente &#224; la deuxi&#232;me exposition impressionniste.</p><p>La composition est particuli&#232;rement frappante. Les lignes du parquet entra&#238;nent notre regard dans la profondeur tandis que la vue en plong&#233;e et le cadrage donnent presque l&#8217;impression d&#8217;une photographie. Caillebotte s&#8217;int&#233;ressait justement &#224; ce nouveau m&#233;dium, pratiqu&#233; par son fr&#232;re Martial.</p><p>Ici, pas de h&#233;ros mythologique : <strong>le corps du travailleur moderne devient digne d&#8217;occuper une toile monumentale.</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">D&#233;bloquez l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; plus de 10 nouvelles newsletters chaque mois, ainsi qu&#8217;au programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">6. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">L&#8217;Absinthe</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; Edgar Degas, 1875-1876 (Mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic" width="373" height="508.908507223114" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:623,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:373,&quot;bytes&quot;:126408,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TENe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdae6e099-de7c-4551-8461-44a60f7a1b4d_624x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nous restons dans le Paris du XIXe si&#232;cle, mais cette fois dans un caf&#233;.</p><p>Degas fait poser deux de ses amis, <strong>l&#8217;actrice Ellen Andr&#233;e et le graveur Marcellin Desboutin</strong>. Ils sont assis c&#244;te &#224; c&#244;te et pourtant semblent totalement seuls.</p><p>Devant la femme se trouve un verre d&#8217;absinthe. Elle regarde dans le vide, les &#233;paules tombantes. L&#8217;homme, lui, d&#233;tourne le regard. </p><p>Degas accentue leur isolement gr&#226;ce &#224; une composition inhabituelle : les personnages sont d&#233;centr&#233;s et s&#233;par&#233;s du spectateur par les tables du caf&#233;. Cette construction doit notamment &#224; l&#8217;influence des <strong>estampes japonaises</strong>, alors tr&#232;s pr&#233;sentes dans la culture artistique parisienne.</p><p>Le tableau montre <strong>l&#8217;envers de la modernit&#233; parisienne : l&#8217;alcoolisme, l&#8217;ennui et surtout la solitude au milieu de la foule.</strong></p><p>Lorsqu&#8217;elle est montr&#233;e &#224; Londres, l&#8217;&#339;uvre choque notamment par son r&#233;alisme et son sujet consid&#233;r&#233; comme trivial. Degas ne cherche pas &#224; embellir la vie moderne : il l&#8217;observe.</p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">7. </span><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Le Berceau</span></em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);"> &#8212; Berthe Morisot, 1872 (Mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay)</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic" width="391" height="474.10841654778886" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:701,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:391,&quot;bytes&quot;:92610,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210925584?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TPe0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faeb7ebdd-0bd5-465f-9d4a-ad4a3939baf7_702x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Terminons avec une sc&#232;ne beaucoup plus silencieuse.</p><p>Une femme contemple un b&#233;b&#233; endormi derri&#232;re le voile d&#8217;un berceau. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;<strong>Edma Pontillon, la s&#339;ur de Berthe Morisot, et de sa fille Blanche</strong>.</p><p><strong>La m&#232;re et l&#8217;enfant semblent se faire &#233;cho.</strong><span> Edma regarde sa fille endormie et leurs bras sont repli&#233;s de mani&#232;re similaire. Le voile transparent qui entoure le berceau renforce quant &#224; lui l&#8217;impression que le b&#233;b&#233; est prot&#233;g&#233; dans un cocon.</span></p><p>En 1874, <strong>Berthe Morisot</strong> pr&#233;sente cette &#339;uvre lors de la premi&#232;re exposition des artistes ind&#233;pendants, organis&#233;e dans l&#8217;ancien atelier du photographe Nadar. </p><h3>Vous aimez ce type de contenu ?</h3><p>Chaque semaine, je publie plusieurs lettres comme celle-ci pour rendre l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art accessible.</p><p>L&#8217;abonnement gratuit vous permet d&#233;j&#224; de recevoir quelques newsletters.</p><p>Mais si vous souhaitez aller plus loin, vous pouvez soutenir mon travail en devenant <strong>abonn&#233; premium</strong>.</p><p>En plus de soutenir la cr&#233;ation de cette newsletter, vous aurez acc&#232;s &#224; :</p><ul><li><p><strong>10 newsletters in&#233;dites par mois</strong> r&#233;serv&#233;es aux abonn&#233;s </p></li><li><p><strong>Mon programme &#8220;30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>Le livret &#8220;Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Acc&#232;s &#224; tous les anciens articles</strong></p></li></ul><p>Chaque &#233;dition repr&#233;sente plusieurs heures de recherche, de lecture et d&#8217;&#233;criture. Si ces newsletters vous aident, un abonnement premium est la meilleure fa&#231;on de soutenir ce travail et de me permettre de continuer &#224; publier des contenus toujours plus approfondis.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Merci d&#8217;&#234;tre l&#224;, et &#224; tr&#232;s vite pour une nouvelle plong&#233;e dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. &#128150;</p><p><strong>P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Henri Rousseau : le peintre que personne ne prenait au sérieux 🙈]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un tr&#232;s bel exemple de quelqu&#8217;un qui n&#8217;a jamais cess&#233; de croire en lui-m&#234;me]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/henri-rousseau-le-peintre-que-personne</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/henri-rousseau-le-peintre-que-personne</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 05:02:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Coucou les Douaniers,</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, on va parler d&#8217;<strong>Henri Rousseau</strong> (1844 - 1910) dont les tableaux sont expos&#233;s dans certains des plus grands mus&#233;es du monde. </p><p>Pourtant, rien ne destinait vraiment cet homme n&#233; &#224; Laval en 1844 &#224; devenir l&#8217;une des figures les plus singuli&#232;res de l&#8217;art moderne.</p><div><hr></div><p>Pour rappel, cette newsletter est accessible gratuitement, mais les abonn&#233;s qui ont pay&#233; b&#233;n&#233;ficient de : </p><p><strong>&#127872; 10 lettres in&#233;dites par mois</strong></p><p>&#127872; Un acc&#232;s &#224; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#127872; Mon livret <strong>&#171; Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#128150; Mes remerciements pour me soutenir dans mon travail </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">De Laval &#224; Paris : un peintre qui se forme seul</span></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic" width="513" height="374.10684647302907" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:703,&quot;width&quot;:964,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:513,&quot;bytes&quot;:54538,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bBA5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c42ceb9-9fa7-4392-b13e-bda5f1250f86_964x704.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Henri Rousseau</figcaption></figure></div><p>Henri Rousseau grandit loin du milieu artistique. En 1871, il devient employ&#233; &#224; l&#8217;octroi de Paris. Son travail consiste notamment &#224; contr&#244;ler les marchandises qui entrent dans la capitale et &#224; participer au pr&#233;l&#232;vement de la taxe qui leur est appliqu&#233;e. Il occupera cette fonction pendant plus de vingt ans.</p><p>C&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs de l&#224; que vient son fameux surnom de <strong>&#171; Douanier Rousseau &#187;</strong>, m&#234;me si celui-ci est assez trompeur puisqu&#8217;il n&#8217;a jamais r&#233;ellement &#233;t&#233; douanier.</p><p>Autodidacte, il commence v&#233;ritablement &#224; pratiquer la peinture dans les ann&#233;es 1880, alors qu&#8217;il approche d&#233;j&#224; de la quarantaine. Il se forme notamment en fr&#233;quentant le Louvre, o&#249; il observe les &#339;uvres des grands ma&#238;tres.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic" width="872" height="439" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:439,&quot;width&quot;:872,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:98750,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2cc_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8e940b5-8f8d-4618-86cb-e4784ac05ca0_872x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En <strong>1890</strong>, il r&#233;alise notamment <em><strong>Moi-m&#234;me, portrait-paysage</strong></em>, un autoportrait dans lequel il se repr&#233;sente debout, palette et pinceau &#224; la main, devant un Paris moderne. La tour Eiffel appara&#238;t derri&#232;re lui, tout comme une montgolfi&#232;re, et Rousseau se pr&#233;sente fi&#232;rement comme un peintre.</p><p>Il r&#233;alise aussi ce qu&#8217;il appelle le <strong>portrait-paysage</strong>. Dans ses compositions, le personnage est repr&#233;sent&#233; devant un d&#233;cor dont les diff&#233;rents &#233;l&#233;ments donnent des indications sur son identit&#233; ou son histoire.</p><p>Ses premi&#232;res commandes lui viennent principalement de personnes de son entourage.</p><p>Il r&#233;alise des portraits, des sc&#232;nes de mariage, des souvenirs de naissance ou encore des sorties familiales. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic" width="1366" height="468" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:468,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:104975,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kzd9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47f93a68-a5f5-41ce-81e7-1358f9468dd3_1366x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En parall&#232;le, il repr&#233;sente des paysages, des p&#234;cheurs, des rues ou encore des usines qu&#8217;il vend &#224; une client&#232;le compos&#233;e principalement d&#8217;artisans, de commer&#231;ants et de petits bourgeois. </p><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">&#192; la recherche de reconnaissance</span></h3><p>Vers 1894, il peint l&#8217;une de ses &#339;uvres les plus impressionnantes : <strong>La Guerre</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic" width="503" height="291.1482352941176" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:492,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:503,&quot;bytes&quot;:91200,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jwc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d4dd944-fade-444b-b895-1799a6f3173c_850x492.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Henri Rousseau, <em>La Guerre, </em>Vers 1894</figcaption></figure></div><p>Rousseau y repr&#233;sente une figure f&#233;minine lanc&#233;e sur un cheval au-dessus d&#8217;un paysage d&#233;vast&#233;, tandis que des cadavres s&#8217;accumulent. Il propose une repr&#233;sentation all&#233;gorique de la guerre et de ses cons&#233;quences.</p><p>Cette toile illustre bien les ambitions qu&#8217;il nourrit encore &#224; cette &#233;poque. Rousseau veut r&#233;aliser de grands tableaux, s&#8217;attaquer &#224; des sujets consid&#233;r&#233;s comme importants et montrer qu&#8217;il peut lui aussi rivaliser avec la peinture d&#8217;histoire pratiqu&#233;e par les artistes officiels.</p><p>Mais sa peinture continue de d&#233;router.</p><p>Ses personnages semblent parfois fig&#233;s, ses perspectives ne r&#233;pondent pas toujours aux r&#232;gles acad&#233;miques et les proportions peuvent para&#238;tre &#233;tranges. Une grande partie de ses contemporains le consid&#232;re alors comme un peintre &#171; na&#239;f &#187;.</p><p>Pourtant, &#224; mesure que les ann&#233;es passent, certains artistes commencent justement &#224; s&#8217;int&#233;resser &#224; ce style tr&#232;s particulier.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">D&#233;bloquez l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; plus de 10 nouvelles newsletters chaque mois, ainsi qu&#8217;au programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">L&#8217;apparition des jungles</span></h3><p>Dans les ann&#233;es 1890 et surtout au d&#233;but du XXe si&#232;cle, Rousseau d&#233;veloppe aussi le th&#232;me qui va progressivement devenir indissociable de son nom : <strong>la jungle</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic" width="1040" height="437" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:437,&quot;width&quot;:1040,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:154135,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IS4v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40269a01-286b-43a6-8e5b-b2e0fe812ec2_1040x437.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Et contrairement &#224; une l&#233;gende longtemps r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;e, ces paysages exotiques ne viennent pas de souvenirs de voyage.</p><p>Rousseau n&#8217;a jamais quitt&#233; la France.</p><p>Pour cr&#233;er ses jungles, il utilise donc ce qu&#8217;il peut observer et consulter &#224; Paris. Il regarde des illustrations, des gravures et des images diffus&#233;es dans la presse, puis se rend r&#233;guli&#232;rement au Mus&#233;um national d&#8217;Histoire naturelle et dans les serres du Jardin des Plantes, o&#249; il peut &#233;tudier les animaux ainsi que des plantes tropicales.</p><p>&#192; partir de toutes ces sources, il invente ses propres paysages.</p><p>Rousseau comprend aussi que ces sc&#232;nes intriguent et plaisent.</p><p>Il va donc d&#233;velopper plusieurs types de jungles, certaines relativement paisibles et d&#8217;autres beaucoup plus violentes, dans lesquelles des animaux s&#8217;affrontent ou attaquent leur proie.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic" width="495" height="329.4333791208791" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:969,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:495,&quot;bytes&quot;:423611,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/210403320?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NG1E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf1f75-90b3-4e07-a698-e4cb6dd82ff3_1920x1278.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"> <em>Le lion, ayant faim, se jette sur l&#8217;antilope, Henri Rousseau, 1905</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>En 1905, il pr&#233;sente notamment <em>Le lion, ayant faim, se jette sur l&#8217;antilope</em> au Salon d&#8217;Automne. Sa peinture attire davantage l&#8217;attention de certains artistes, critiques et marchands li&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;avant-garde.</p><p>Mais cette reconnaissance arrive tard. Henri Rousseau meurt en 1910.</p><p>D&#232;s 1911, Wilhelm Uhde publie la premi&#232;re monographie consacr&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;artiste. La m&#234;me ann&#233;e, Robert Delaunay organise une exposition hommage au Salon des Ind&#233;pendants r&#233;unissant quarante-sept peintures et dessins de Rousseau.</p><h3>Vous aimez ce type de contenu ?</h3><p>Chaque semaine, je publie plusieurs lettres comme celle-ci pour rendre l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art accessible.</p><p>L&#8217;abonnement gratuit vous permet d&#233;j&#224; de recevoir quelques newsletters.</p><p>Mais si vous souhaitez aller plus loin, vous pouvez soutenir mon travail en devenant <strong>abonn&#233; premium</strong>.</p><p>En plus de soutenir la cr&#233;ation de cette newsletter, vous aurez acc&#232;s &#224; :</p><ul><li><p><strong>10 newsletters in&#233;dites par mois</strong> r&#233;serv&#233;es aux abonn&#233;s </p></li><li><p><strong>Mon programme &#8220;30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>Le livret &#8220;Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Acc&#232;s &#224; tous les anciens articles</strong></p></li></ul><p>Chaque &#233;dition repr&#233;sente plusieurs heures de recherche, de lecture et d&#8217;&#233;criture. Si ces newsletters vous aident, un abonnement premium est la meilleure fa&#231;on de soutenir ce travail et de me permettre de continuer &#224; publier des contenus toujours plus approfondis.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Merci d&#8217;&#234;tre l&#224;, et &#224; tr&#232;s vite pour une nouvelle plong&#233;e dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. &#128150;</p><p><strong>P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Les chefs-d'œuvre qui racontent les aventures d'Ulysse]]></title><description><![CDATA[(Avant Christopher Nolan)]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/les-chefs-duvre-qui-racontent-les</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/les-chefs-duvre-qui-racontent-les</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:18:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Il y a pr&#232;s de 3 000 ans, Hom&#232;re &#233;crivait <strong>L&#8217;Odyss&#233;e</strong>, l&#8217;un des r&#233;cits les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres de la litt&#233;rature. Depuis, les aventures d&#8217;Ulysse n&#8217;ont cess&#233; de fasciner les artistes. De la Renaissance au symbolisme, en passant par le romantisme et le pr&#233;rapha&#233;lisme, chaque &#233;poque a imagin&#233; &#224; sa mani&#232;re le Cyclope, Circ&#233;, les Sir&#232;nes ou encore P&#233;n&#233;lope.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui encore, cette &#233;pop&#233;e inspire les cr&#233;ateurs. La sortie r&#233;cente du film <em>L&#8217;Odyss&#233;e</em> de Christopher Nolan en est une nouvelle preuve. Mais bien avant le cin&#233;ma, ce sont les peintres qui ont donn&#233; un visage aux &#233;pisodes les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres du voyage d&#8217;Ulysse.</p><p>Je vous propose de revivre cette &#233;pop&#233;e &#224; travers quelques-uns des plus beaux chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. &#128071;&#127995;</p><h2>1. Ulysse face au Cyclope Polyph&#232;me</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic" width="900" height="530" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:530,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107392,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209639413?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1hKb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29724ac3-53f8-4c07-be36-497deadb6f54_900x530.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Ulysse aveugle Polyph&#232;me, vers 1551, Pellegrino Tibaldi, Bologne, Palazzo Poggi</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Apr&#232;s avoir quitt&#233; Troie, Ulysse et ses compagnons abordent sur l&#8217;&#238;le des Cyclopes. Ils d&#233;couvrent une immense grotte. Mais cette caverne appartient &#224; Polyph&#232;me, un g&#233;ant dot&#233; d&#8217;un seul &#339;il, fils de Pos&#233;idon. &#192; son retour, le Cyclope enferme les Grecs dans sa grotte en bloquant l&#8217;entr&#233;e avec un &#233;norme rocher. Puis, sans le moindre remords, il d&#233;vore plusieurs compagnons d&#8217;Ulysse.</p><p>Plut&#244;t que de l&#8217;affronter par la force, Ulysse fait preuve de son intelligence l&#233;gendaire. Il enivre Polyph&#232;me avec du vin, attend qu&#8217;il s&#8217;endorme puis lui cr&#232;ve son &#339;il unique &#224; l&#8217;aide d&#8217;un pieu chauff&#233; au feu.  </p><h2>2. La fuite sous les b&#233;liers</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp" width="1456" height="917" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:917,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:112546,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209639413?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TNha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb6217ab-6273-466a-90ed-b075a57cc233_1700x1071.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Jacob Jordaens, Ulysse et ses hommes s'&#233;chappent, dissimul&#233;s sous des b&#233;liers, entre 1630 et 1635</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Pour quitter la grotte, chaque homme s&#8217;attache sous le ventre d&#8217;un b&#233;lier. Lorsque le Cyclope laisse sortir son troupeau, il palpe uniquement le dos des animaux, sans se douter que les hommes sont suspendus sous leur laine. Gr&#226;ce &#224; cette ruse, Ulysse et les survivants parviennent &#224; s&#8217;enfuir.</p><h2>3. Circ&#233;, l&#8217;enchanteresse</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp" width="1456" height="1070" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1070,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:125058,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209639413?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Kkwa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae3cf674-ba28-4171-a25c-a70c74ef3104_1920x1411.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Dossi Dossi, Circ&#233; et ses amants dans un paysage, vers 1525, National Gallery of Art, Washington</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Apr&#232;s avoir &#233;chapp&#233; au Cyclope, Ulysse poursuit sa route jusqu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;&#238;le de Circ&#233;. Belle, myst&#233;rieuse et redoutable, cette magicienne accueille les compagnons du h&#233;ros avec un banquet. Mais le repas est empoisonn&#233; : d&#8217;un simple coup de baguette, elle les transforme en porcs tout en leur laissant leur conscience humaine.</p><h2>4. <strong><span>Le chant des Sir&#232;nes</span></strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic" width="788" height="389" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:389,&quot;width&quot;:788,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:90565,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209639413?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UHhG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a4cfe95-dad5-498c-b297-b8da94c717b1_788x390.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>John William Waterhouse, Ulysse et les sir&#232;nes, 1891</em></figcaption></figure></div>
      <p>
          <a href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/les-chefs-duvre-qui-racontent-les">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Qu'est-ce que l'Art Brut ? 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une plong&#233;e dans l'un des mouvements les plus authentiques de l'histoire de l'art.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/quest-ce-que-lart-brut</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/quest-ce-que-lart-brut</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 16:40:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Coucou les Jocondes,</p><p>En juillet, je suis all&#233;e voir une exposition que j&#8217;ai ador&#233;e : <strong>&#171; Art Brut en Suisse. Des origines de la collection &#224; aujourd&#8217;hui &#187;</strong>, pr&#233;sent&#233;e &#224; la <strong><a href="https://artbrut.ch/fr">Collection de l&#8217;Art Brut de Lausanne</a></strong><a href="https://artbrut.ch/fr">.</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic" width="1456" height="1029" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1029,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:791939,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XczZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6144a671-ecef-49b6-9a5e-35239882087a_2000x1414.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Des petites photos de la Collection d&#8217;Art Brut de Lausanne</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#192; premi&#232;re vue, certaines &#339;uvres peuvent ressembler &#224; des dessins d&#8217;enfants ou &#224; un simple assemblage de mat&#233;riaux. On pourrait m&#234;me se demander :  </p><h3 style="text-align: center;"><em><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">&#171; Mais&#8230; en quoi est-ce de l&#8217;art ? &#187; &#129300;</span></em></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic" width="353" height="343.7184054283291" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1148,&quot;width&quot;:1179,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:353,&quot;bytes&quot;:91176,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nvs8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F753b99a1-3ff7-4c46-856c-1ed19e5fd4c6_1179x1148.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>C&#8217;est justement l&#8217;objet de cette lettre. Je vais r&#233;pondre &#224; cette question en vous expliquant ce qu&#8217;est l&#8217;Art Brut, mais surtout en vous racontant l&#8217;histoire des cr&#233;ateurs qui se cachent derri&#232;re ces &#339;uvres. &#10024;</p><p>Vous verrez que beaucoup ont connu des vies particuli&#232;rement difficiles, marqu&#233;es par l&#8217;internement en h&#244;pital psychiatrique, l&#8217;abandon, la guerre, la pauvret&#233; ou encore une profonde solitude.  </p><div><hr></div><p>Pour rappel, cette newsletter est accessible gratuitement, mais les abonn&#233;s qui ont pay&#233; b&#233;n&#233;ficient de : </p><p><strong>&#127872; 10 lettres in&#233;dites par mois</strong></p><p>&#127872; Un acc&#232;s &#224; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#127872; Mon livret <strong>&#171; Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong></p><p>&#128150; Mes remerciements pour me soutenir dans mon travail </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p><div class="pullquote"><p>Pssst, si cette lettre vous plait, <strong>cliquez sur le c&#339;ur juste sous le titre</strong> pour m&#8217;aider et que Gmail me mette dans ses faveurs. Important &#129392; (Et aussi &#231;a me fait plaisir).</p></div><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">1. Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;Art Brut ? &#127872;</span></strong></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:282437,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wd_c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6032ee5e-4d6c-48fe-baab-751dcfe34235_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>L&#8217;Art Brut d&#233;signe des &#339;uvres r&#233;alis&#233;es par des</span><strong><span> cr&#233;ateurs autodidactes, sans formation artistique et souvent en dehors du monde de l&#8217;art.</span></strong></p><p><span>Ils ne cherchent pas &#224; plaire au public, &#224; suivre une mode ou &#224; r&#233;pondre aux attentes des critiques. Ils cr&#233;ent avant tout pour eux-m&#234;mes.</span></p><p><span>Leurs travaux sont souvent r&#233;alis&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;aide de</span><strong><span> moyens et de mat&#233;riaux in&#233;dits ou rudimentaires </span></strong><span>(emballages, morceaux de bois, fleurs, coquillages, brosses&#8230;), et ils parviennent &#224; cr&#233;er des &#339;uvres d'une </span><strong><span>cr&#233;ativit&#233; incroyable.</span></strong></p><p><span>Le terme </span><strong><span>Art Brut</span></strong><span> est invent&#233; en </span><strong><span>1945</span></strong><span> par le peintre fran&#231;ais </span><strong><span>Jean Dubuffet</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Lors d&#8217;un voyage en Suisse, il d&#233;couvre les cr&#233;ations de patients d&#8217;h&#244;pitaux psychiatriques, de prisonniers ou encore de personnes vivant compl&#232;tement &#224; l&#8217;&#233;cart de la soci&#233;t&#233;. Il est fascin&#233; par leur cr&#233;ativit&#233;, justement parce qu&#8217;elle n&#8217;est pas influenc&#233;e par les codes de l&#8217;art traditionnel.</span></p><p><span>Pour Dubuffet, ces &#339;uvres poss&#232;dent une </span><strong><span>authenticit&#233; que l&#8217;on retrouve rarement dans l&#8217;art acad&#233;mique.</span></strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">D&#233;bloquez l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; plus de 10 nouvelles newsletters chaque mois, ainsi qu&#8217;au programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">2. Les artistes qui ont marqu&#233; les d&#233;buts de l&#8217;Art Brut &#127872;</span></strong></h3><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Alo&#239;se Corbaz (1886-1964)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:372461,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!03iS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faae4fee4-d57d-4584-8751-f45433ccf2c3_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233;e &#224; <strong>Lausanne</strong>, Alo&#239;se Corbaz <strong>a onze ans lorsque sa m&#232;re d&#233;c&#232;de</strong>. Elle r&#234;ve de devenir cantatrice.</p><p>Mais apr&#232;s des &#233;tudes secondaires, elle travaille comme couturi&#232;re avant de partir en Prusse comme gouvernante, o&#249; elle s&#233;journe notamment &#224; la cour de Guillaume II. Elle d&#233;veloppe alors une <strong>passion amoureuse imaginaire pour l&#8217;empereur.</strong></p><p>Lorsque la Premi&#232;re Guerre mondiale &#233;clate, elle rentre en Suisse et manifeste des sentiments religieux, pacifistes et humanitaires avec tant d&#8217;exaltation que <strong>sa famille la fait interner en 1918. Elle restera enferm&#233;e tout le reste de sa vie.</strong></p><p>C&#8217;est l&#224; qu&#8217;elle commence &#224; &#233;crire et &#224; dessiner. Faute de mat&#233;riel, elle<strong> r&#233;cup&#232;re des enveloppes, des cartons ou des papiers d&#8217;emballage</strong> qu&#8217;elle assemble parfois avec du fil pour cr&#233;er de grands formats. Elle utilise des crayons de couleur, de la gouache, mais aussi des mat&#233;riaux plus inattendus comme <strong>le jus de p&#233;tales de fleurs, des feuilles &#233;cras&#233;es ou m&#234;me du dentifrice</strong> pour les cr&#233;er des couleurs.</p><p>Dans ses cr&#233;ations, on retrouve des figures f&#233;minines, des princesses, des personnages historiques ou mythologiques, baign&#233;s dans des couleurs &#233;clatantes.</p><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Heinrich Anton M&#252;ller (1869-1930)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:309358,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tdvi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd9845e0-eb29-470f-b3a4-b2f094e54cae_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233; &#224; Versailles d&#8217;une m&#232;re suisse c&#233;libataire, Heinrich Anton M&#252;ller s&#8217;installe avec sa famille dans le canton de Vaud apr&#232;s son mariage. Il travaille dans les vignes et se r&#233;v&#232;le &#234;tre un <strong>inventeur ing&#233;nieux</strong>. En 1903, il <strong>obtient un brevet pour une machine destin&#233;e &#224; faciliter le greffage des ceps de vigne.</strong></p><p>Mais deux ans plus tard, il oublie de payer la taxe annuelle qui prot&#232;ge son brevet. Son <strong>invention tombe alors dans le domaine public et est exploit&#233;e par d&#8217;autres</strong>. Cet &#233;chec le plonge dans un profond <strong>d&#233;sespoir</strong>. En 1906, il est intern&#233; &#224; l&#8217;<strong>h&#244;pital psychiatrique </strong>de M&#252;nsingen, o&#249; il restera jusqu&#8217;&#224; sa mort.</p><p>&#192; partir de 1914, M&#252;ller se met &#224; construire d&#8217;<strong>&#233;tonnantes machines</strong> compos&#233;es de roues et de m&#233;canismes mobiles qui s&#8217;entra&#238;nent les uns les autres. Aucune de ces sculptures anim&#233;es n&#8217;a malheureusement &#233;t&#233; conserv&#233;e. Il r&#233;alise &#233;galement de <strong>nombreux dessins </strong>&#224; la mine de plomb et &#224; la craie blanche, peupl&#233;s de personnages &#233;tranges, de cr&#233;atures imaginaires et d&#8217;animaux fantastiques.</p><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Hans Kr&#252;si (1920-1995)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:441456,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g7ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37de529f-d39d-4f71-b17b-8da2defed8fc_1672x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233; dans le canton d&#8217;Appenzell, Hans Kr&#252;si conna&#238;t une enfance particuli&#232;rement difficile. &#192; l&#8217;&#226;ge de deux ans, sa m&#232;re le confie &#224; une famille de paysans. Huit ans plus tard, il est une nouvelle fois abandonn&#233; et plac&#233; dans un orphelinat.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;&#226;ge adulte, il encha&#238;ne les emplois pr&#233;caires : <strong>valet de ferme, ouvrier agricole puis forestier</strong>. Son r&#234;ve est pourtant de devenir jardinier. Ne parvenant jamais &#224; obtenir un poste stable, il finit par vendre des fleurs dans plusieurs villes suisses. Install&#233; &#224; Saint-Gall en 1947, il se rend chaque jour &#224; Zurich pour proposer ses bouquets sur la c&#233;l&#232;bre Bahnhofstrasse.</p><p>Ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;&#224; cinquante-cinq ans qu&#8217;il commence &#224; dessiner et &#224; vendre ses &#339;uvres. Sans grands moyens,<strong> il utilise tous les supports qu&#8217;il trouve : morceaux de carton, serviettes en papier, panneaux de bois ou encore briques de lait.</strong> Son univers est inspir&#233; de ses souvenirs d&#8217;enfance et de la campagne suisse : paysages alpins, animaux de ferme, bergers et sc&#232;nes rurales.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Avec l&#8217;abonnement annuel, cela revient moins cher qu&#8217;un caf&#233; latte par mois.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">3. D&#8217;autres grands noms de l&#8217;Art Brut &#127872;</span></strong></h3><p>Au fil des d&#233;cennies, des cr&#233;ateurs venus du monde entier ont d&#233;velopp&#233; des univers totalement singuliers.</p><p>C&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs ce qui fait, selon moi, la force de la <a href="https://artbrut.ch/fr">Collection de l&#8217;Art Brut de Lausanne</a>. On passe d&#8217;un artiste &#224; l&#8217;autre sans jamais avoir l&#8217;impression de voir la m&#234;me chose. On y trouve des dessins, de la broderie, des cartes postales, des moyens de transports imaginaires&#8230; Il y en a pour tous les go&#251;ts.</p><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Paul Amar (1919-2017)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic" width="1171" height="941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:941,&quot;width&quot;:1171,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:380469,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l-IO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a300c8-7ab5-4334-8cef-fb162712a4d8_1171x941.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233; &#224; Alger dans une famille juive s&#233;farade, Paul Amar s&#8217;installe d&#233;finitivement en France en 1962 apr&#232;s l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance de l&#8217;Alg&#233;rie. &#192; <strong>cinquante-cinq ans, il d&#233;couvre par hasard des objets d&#233;cor&#233;s de coquillages dans une boutique de souvenirs</strong>. </p><p>Il commence alors &#224; <strong>r&#233;cup&#233;rer des coquillages qu&#8217;il d&#233;coupe, assemble et peint pour cr&#233;er d&#8217;incroyables tableaux en relief. </strong>Dans son petit atelier parisien, il transforme moules, bigorneaux, coraux et oursins en v&#233;ritables &#339;uvres d&#8217;art. Certaines sont m&#234;me &#233;clair&#233;es de l&#8217;int&#233;rieur gr&#226;ce &#224; de petites ampoules dissimul&#233;es dans les coquilles d&#8217;oursins.</p><blockquote><p>C&#8217;est mon coup de c&#339;ur de la collection. Avec leurs couleurs, leurs jeux de lumi&#232;re et leurs coquillages, ses &#339;uvres m&#8217;ont donn&#233; l&#8217;impression de retourner en enfance. Elles d&#233;gagent quelque chose de f&#233;erique, de joyeux, presque magique.</p><p>Ce qui m&#8217;impressionne le plus, c&#8217;est aussi le travail qu&#8217;elles demandent. Il faut imaginer toute la composition, choisir chaque coquillage, r&#233;fl&#233;chir &#224; son emplacement, cr&#233;er un ensemble harmonieux&#8230; Plus je regardais ses &#339;uvres, plus je r&#233;alisais le temps, la patience et le savoir-faire qu&#8217;elles n&#233;cessitaient.</p></blockquote><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Nek Chand (1924-2015)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic" width="1456" height="644" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:644,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:212714,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SAuz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b068ed9-50bf-4cb4-86df-caf81f519a43_2030x898.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233; dans un village situ&#233; aujourd&#8217;hui au Pakistan, Nek Chand s&#8217;installe en Inde avec sa famille. Employ&#233; comme inspecteur des routes &#224; Chandigarh, il m&#232;ne une vie tout &#224; fait ordinaire.</p><p>En 1958, &#224; la suite d&#8217;une vision apparue dans un r&#234;ve, il se met &#224; d&#233;fricher un terrain aux abords de la ville o&#249;, selon lui, un glorieux royaume aurait exist&#233; autrefois.</p><p>Chaque nuit, il y transporte des pierres, des briques cass&#233;es, de la c&#233;ramique et toutes sortes de mat&#233;riaux r&#233;cup&#233;r&#233;s pour construire un immense jardin peupl&#233; de sculptures.</p><p>Pendant pr&#232;s de vingt ans, il travaille dans le plus grand secret. Lorsque les autorit&#233;s d&#233;couvrent le site en 1972, elles sont d&#8217;abord stup&#233;faites. Mais au lieu de le d&#233;truire, elles d&#233;cident de soutenir son projet. Le Rock Garden est officiellement reconnu en 1976 et continue encore aujourd&#8217;hui de s&#8217;agrandir.</p><h4><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Madge Gill (1882-1961)</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic" width="988" height="340" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:340,&quot;width&quot;:988,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:165069,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/209363495?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ErBR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2797eae8-66d7-4d85-b3e9-49568a07bd7e_988x340.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#233;e dans la banlieue de Londres, Madge Gill conna&#238;t elle aussi une<strong> enfance difficile</strong>. &#201;lev&#233;e par sa m&#232;re et sa tante, elle est ensuite plac&#233;e dans un orphelinat avant d&#8217;&#234;tre envoy&#233;e au Canada, o&#249; elle travaille comme domestique dans une ferme. &#192; dix-neuf ans, elle revient vivre en Angleterre.</p><p>Sa vie est marqu&#233;e par <strong>plusieurs drames</strong> : un enfant mort-n&#233;, puis la perte de son deuxi&#232;me fils lors de l&#8217;&#233;pid&#233;mie de grippe espagnole de 1918. Gravement malade, elle perd &#233;galement l&#8217;usage de son &#339;il gauche.</p><p>Peu apr&#232;s ces &#233;preuves, elle commence &#224; dessiner, &#233;crire et broder de mani&#232;re presque obsessionnelle. <strong>Convaincue d&#8217;&#234;tre guid&#233;e par un esprit</strong> nomm&#233; <strong>Myrninerest</strong> (&#171; My Inner Rest &#187;, que l&#8217;on peut traduire par &#171; mon repos int&#233;rieur &#187;), elle travaille souvent la nuit, &#224; la lumi&#232;re d&#8217;une lampe &#224; huile.</p><p>Ses dessins, r&#233;alis&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;encre de Chine ou au stylo sur du carton ou du tissu, repr&#233;sentent presque toujours un <strong>myst&#233;rieux visage f&#233;minin coiff&#233; d&#8217;un chapeau, entour&#233; d&#8217;architectures imaginaires et de motifs d&#8217;une incroyable minutie. </strong>Son &#339;uvre donne l&#8217;impression d&#8217;un univers infini, enti&#232;rement construit &#224; partir de visions int&#233;rieures.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span data-color="#ec4899" style="color: rgb(236, 72, 153);">Petit quiz ! &#127912;</span></strong></h3><p>Voyons si vous avez bien retenu ce que vous venez de lire. &#128521;</p><ol><li><p>Qui a invent&#233; le terme Art Brut et en quelle ann&#233;e ?</p></li><li><p>Qu&#8217;est-ce qui caract&#233;rise un cr&#233;ateur d&#8217;Art Brut ?</p></li><li><p>Quels mat&#233;riaux Alo&#239;se Corbaz utilise-t-elle parfois pour cr&#233;er ses couleurs ?</p></li><li><p>Quel inventeur perd son brevet parce qu&#8217;il oublie de payer une taxe annuelle ?</p></li><li><p>Que construisait Heinrich Anton M&#252;ller &#224; partir de 1914 ?</p></li><li><p>Quel artiste a vendu des fleurs dans les rues de Zurich avant de devenir connu ?</p></li><li><p>Quels supports Hans Kr&#252;si utilisait-il pour r&#233;aliser ses &#339;uvres ?</p></li><li><p>Quel est le nom de l&#8217;artiste qui cr&#233;ait des tableaux &#224; partir de coquillages ?</p></li><li><p>Quelle &#339;uvre Nek Chand a-t-il cr&#233;&#233;e ?</p></li><li><p>Quel artiste pr&#233;sent&#233; dans cette newsletter est votre pr&#233;f&#233;r&#233; ? Pourquoi ?</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><h3>Vous aimez ce type de contenu ?</h3><p>Chaque semaine, je publie plusieurs lettres comme celle-ci pour rendre l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art accessible et passionnante.</p><p>L&#8217;abonnement gratuit vous permet d&#233;j&#224; de recevoir quelques newsletters.</p><p>Mais si vous souhaitez aller plus loin, vous pouvez soutenir mon travail en devenant <strong>abonn&#233; premium</strong>.</p><p>En plus de soutenir la cr&#233;ation de cette newsletter, vous aurez acc&#232;s &#224; :</p><ul><li><p><strong>10 newsletters in&#233;dites par mois</strong> r&#233;serv&#233;es aux abonn&#233;s </p></li><li><p><strong>Mon programme &#8220;30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>Le livret &#8220;Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Acc&#232;s &#224; tous les anciens articles</strong></p></li></ul><p>Chaque &#233;dition repr&#233;sente plusieurs heures de recherche, de lecture et d&#8217;&#233;criture. Si ces newsletters vous permettent de mieux comprendre les &#339;uvres, de pr&#233;parer vos visites de mus&#233;es ou simplement de regarder l&#8217;art avec un &#339;il nouveau, un abonnement premium est la meilleure fa&#231;on de soutenir ce travail et de me permettre de continuer &#224; publier des contenus toujours plus approfondis.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te</span></a></p><p>Merci d&#8217;&#234;tre l&#224;, et &#224; tr&#232;s vite pour une nouvelle plong&#233;e dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. &#128150;</p><p><strong>P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[L'incroyable histoire de Niki de Saint Phalle]]></title><description><![CDATA[L'histoire bouleversante d'une artiste qui a transform&#233; ses blessures en &#339;uvres monumentales.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lincroyable-histoire-de-niki-de-saint</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lincroyable-histoire-de-niki-de-saint</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:00:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Plus de 1 600 lecteurs </strong>apprennent l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art simplement gr&#226;ce &#224; cette newsletter.</p><p>Ceci est un aper&#231;u. <strong>Les abonn&#233;s payants ont acc&#232;s &#224; la newsletter compl&#232;te.</strong></p><p>Vous b&#233;n&#233;ficierez &#233;galement de :</p><ul><li><p><strong>10 articles par mois</strong></p></li><li><p>Acc&#232;s &#224; tous les anciens articles</p></li><li><p>Liste des 40 documentaires gratuits autour de l&#8217;art</p></li><li><p>Acc&#232;s imm&#233;diat au <strong>programme 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art</strong></p></li><li><p>Acc&#232;s au livret <strong>Les grandes artistes femmes souvent oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire</strong></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p></li></ul><h3>Une enfance peupl&#233;e de ch&#226;teaux et de monstres</h3><p>Niki de Saint Phalle na&#238;t le 29 octobre 1930 &#224; Neuilly-sur-Seine, dans une ancienne famille aristocratique franco-am&#233;ricaine. &#192; la suite du krach de Wall Street, son p&#232;re, banquier, reste aux &#201;tats-Unis pour tenter de reconstruire sa fortune, tandis que sa fille est confi&#233;e &#224; ses grands-parents en France.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic" width="428" height="428" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:760,&quot;width&quot;:760,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:428,&quot;bytes&quot;:66845,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208755965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IZeQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773bc82e-b91c-488c-b236-0b4b6c90a7ba_760x760.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ses premi&#232;res ann&#233;es se d&#233;roulent au milieu des propri&#233;t&#233;s familiales, des blasons sculpt&#233;s dans la pierre et des r&#233;cits h&#233;ro&#239;ques transmis par son grand-p&#232;re. </p><p>Lorsqu&#8217;elle rejoint ses parents &#224; New York, la famille a retrouv&#233; son aisance financi&#232;re et s&#8217;est install&#233;e pr&#232;s de Central Park. Derri&#232;re cette fa&#231;ade privil&#233;gi&#233;e, Niki d&#233;couvre cependant un monde extr&#234;mement strict, dans lequel les femmes sont avant tout destin&#233;es &#224; faire un beau mariage et &#224; devenir de parfaites ma&#238;tresses de maison.</p><p>Elle refuse tr&#232;s t&#244;t cette existence.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;&#226;ge de onze ans, elle est &#233;galement victime d&#8217;inceste de la part de son p&#232;re, un traumatisme qu&#8217;elle ne r&#233;v&#233;lera publiquement que plusieurs d&#233;cennies plus tard dans son r&#233;cit <em>Mon secret</em>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic" width="192" height="240.25945945945946" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:463,&quot;width&quot;:370,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:192,&quot;bytes&quot;:75455,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208755965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q47h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69cb5e09-6a23-4be8-901b-5256572a62e1_370x464.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Elle y associe l&#8217;agression au souvenir de serpents aper&#231;us dans la campagne, qui deviendront ensuite des figures r&#233;currentes de son &#339;uvre.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">D&#233;bloquez l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; plus de 10 nouvelles newsletters chaque mois, ainsi qu&#8217;au programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3>L&#8217;art comme moyen de survie</h3><p>&#192; l&#8217;adolescence, Niki cherche &#224; fuir sa famille. Elle devient mannequin, pose pour <em>Vogue</em> et appara&#238;t en couverture de <em>Life</em>. Elle &#233;pouse ensuite l&#8217;&#233;crivain Harry Mathews et part vivre avec lui en France.</p><p>En 1953, elle sombre dans une profonde d&#233;pression et est hospitalis&#233;e dans une clinique psychiatrique. C&#8217;est l&#224; qu&#8217;elle commence &#224; dessiner et &#224; peindre.</p><p>L&#8217;art lui permet enfin de donner une forme visible &#224; ce qu&#8217;elle ne parvient pas &#224; exprimer.</p><p>&#192; sa sortie, elle d&#233;cide qu&#8217;elle sera artiste, sans suivre de formation acad&#233;mique. Ses premi&#232;res peintures sont d&#233;j&#224; peupl&#233;es de femmes, d&#8217;enfants, de dragons, de ch&#226;teaux et de paysages inqui&#233;tants, comme si tout son pass&#233; remontait progressivement &#224; la surface.</p><p>Lors d&#8217;un voyage &#224; Barcelone, elle d&#233;couvre le <strong>Parc G&#252;ell</strong> d&#8217;Antoni Gaud&#237;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic" width="481" height="320.827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:667,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:481,&quot;bytes&quot;:171746,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208755965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6DAD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6aaa22e-1d95-49be-ac76-7e8315b7577f_1000x668.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Elle est fascin&#233;e par ses architectures ondulantes, ses mosa&#239;ques et la mani&#232;re dont sculpture, nature et b&#226;timent s&#8217;y confondent. Elle se promet alors de cr&#233;er un jour son propre jardin monumental.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Les Tirs : d&#233;truire pour cr&#233;er</h3><p>&#192; la fin des ann&#233;es 1950, son travail devient plus violent. Elle r&#233;alise des assemblages compos&#233;s de rasoirs, de couteaux, d&#8217;armes et de poup&#233;es mutil&#233;es, puis rencontre le sculpteur Jean Tinguely, qui l&#8217;encourage &#224; se lib&#233;rer de ses complexes techniques.</p><p>En 1961, elle invente ses c&#233;l&#232;bres <strong>Tirs</strong>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic" width="557" height="333.982421875" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:614,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:557,&quot;bytes&quot;:172938,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208755965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8BUm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf4e6978-e328-4b8a-915c-4ca626894e22_1024x614.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>
      <p>
          <a href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lincroyable-histoire-de-niki-de-saint">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Auguste Rodin, le père de la sculpture moderne ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Le Penseur, Le Baiser, La Porte de l'Enfer&#8230; leur v&#233;ritable histoire.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/auguste-rodin-le-pere-de-la-sculpture</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/auguste-rodin-le-pere-de-la-sculpture</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 05:01:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Il y a des artistes dont on reconna&#238;t imm&#233;diatement une &#339;uvre. Rodin fait partie de ceux-l&#224;.</p><p>Son <strong>Penseur</strong> ou <strong>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</strong> sont devenus des ic&#244;nes de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. Pourtant, derri&#232;re ces sculptures mondialement c&#233;l&#232;bres se cache un artiste qui a profond&#233;ment boulevers&#233; notre mani&#232;re de regarder la sculpture.</p><blockquote><p>Si j&#8217;ai d&#233;cid&#233; de consacrer cette &#233;dition &#224; Auguste Rodin, c&#8217;est parce qu&#8217;une exposition lui est actuellement d&#233;di&#233;e &#224; la <strong><a href="https://gianadda.ch">Fondation Pierre Gianadda</a></strong>, &#224; Martigny (&#224; c&#244;t&#233; de Lausanne, en Suisse), &#224; travers un angle particuli&#232;rement original : <strong>Rodin selon Rilke</strong>.</p><p>Les deux hommes se rencontrent en 1902. Rodin est alors le sculpteur le plus c&#233;l&#232;bre de son &#233;poque. Rainer Maria Rilke, lui, n&#8217;est encore qu&#8217;un jeune po&#232;te de vingt-sept ans, fascin&#233; par son &#339;uvre. Tr&#232;s vite, une profonde amiti&#233; na&#238;t entre eux. </p><p>En 1903, Rilke publie <em>Auguste Rodin</em>, un ouvrage qui deviendra l&#8217;un des livres les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres jamais consacr&#233;s au sculpteur. </p></blockquote><p>Dans cette &#233;dition, je vous propose donc de <strong>d&#233;couvrir l&#8217;homme </strong>derri&#232;re le g&#233;nie, <strong>ses chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre</strong> qui ont marqu&#233; l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art, mais aussi <strong>le regard de Rilke</strong> sur ses sculptures. Car parfois, un po&#232;te nous apprend &#224; voir une &#339;uvre autrement.</p><div><hr></div><p>Cette newsletter est accessible gratuitement, mais les abonn&#233;s premium b&#233;n&#233;ficient de <strong>10 lettres in&#233;dites par mois</strong>, d&#8217;un acc&#232;s &#224; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong> ainsi qu&#8217;&#224; mon livret <strong>&#171; Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>Quelques mots sur la vie d&#8217;Auguste Rodin </h2><p>Lorsqu&#8217;Auguste Rodin na&#238;t &#224; Paris en <strong>1840</strong>, rien ne laisse penser qu&#8217;il deviendra l&#8217;un des plus grands sculpteurs de tous les temps. Il grandit dans une famille modeste, loin des cercles artistiques, mais r&#233;v&#232;le tr&#232;s t&#244;t un v&#233;ritable <strong>talent pour le dessin.</strong></p><p>Apr&#232;s plusieurs refus &#224; l&#8217;&#201;cole des Beaux-Arts, il poursuit son apprentissage autrement. Il travaille notamment aupr&#232;s du <strong>sculpteur Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse</strong>, qui lui transmet les techniques du m&#233;tier et l&#8217;emm&#232;ne m&#234;me travailler &#224; Bruxelles.</p><p>Rodin nourrit une immense <strong>admiration pour Michel-Ang</strong>e. En d&#233;couvrant ses sculptures en Italie, il comprend qu&#8217;une &#339;uvre peut transmettre bien davantage qu&#8217;une simple beaut&#233; id&#233;ale : <strong>elle peut exprimer la tension, le doute, la souffrance, le mouvement et la vie.</strong></p><p>&#192; cette &#233;poque, la sculpture acad&#233;mique recherche avant tout des corps parfaits et fig&#233;s. Rodin prend le chemin inverse.</p><p>Chez lui, les muscles se contractent, les silhouettes se tordent, les visages semblent penser ou souffrir. Les traces de modelage restent parfois visibles dans la mati&#232;re, donnant l&#8217;impression que la sculpture est encore en train de na&#238;tre sous nos yeux.</p><p>Autre r&#233;volution : <strong>Rodin consid&#232;re qu&#8217;un fragment peut &#234;tre une &#339;uvre &#224; part enti&#232;re. </strong>Une main, un torse ou une t&#234;te n&#8217;ont plus besoin d&#8217;un corps complet pour exprimer une &#233;motion. Cette libert&#233; nouvelle influencera toute la sculpture moderne, de Bourdelle &#224; Brancusi.</p><p>Sa vie personnelle est tout aussi mouvement&#233;e. D&#232;s 1864,<strong> il partage sa vie avec sa compagne Rose Beuret</strong>. Puis, en 1882, <strong>il rencontre Camille Claudel, brillante &#233;l&#232;ve devenue collaboratrice, muse et amante</strong>. Leur relation passionnelle marquera profond&#233;ment leurs deux carri&#232;res avant de s&#8217;achever douloureusement.</p><p>Malgr&#233; les scandales qui jalonnent son parcours &#8212; notamment lorsque <strong>L&#8217;&#194;ge d&#8217;airain</strong> est accus&#233; d&#8217;avoir &#233;t&#233; moul&#233; directement sur un mod&#232;le vivant ou encore les pol&#233;miques autour du <strong>Balzac</strong> &#8212; Rodin finit par obtenir une<strong> reconnaissance internationale exceptionnelle</strong>. &#192; sa mort, en 1917, il l&#232;gue l&#8217;ensemble de son atelier &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais, permettant la cr&#233;ation du mus&#233;e Rodin &#224; Paris.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, il est consid&#233;r&#233; comme celui qui a fait entrer la sculpture dans la modernit&#233;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Les chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre de Rodin</h3><h4>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic" width="261" height="391.377694470478" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1600,&quot;width&quot;:1067,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:261,&quot;bytes&quot;:311389,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!opG5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da6898a-6383-47e4-b11b-351a71a7ff5b_1067x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 1880,  l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais passe une commande &#224; Rodin : <strong>r&#233;aliser une monumentale porte en bronze destin&#233;e au futur mus&#233;e des Arts d&#233;coratifs.</strong></p><p>Pour trouver son inspiration, Rodin se tourne vers <strong>La Divine Com&#233;die</strong> de Dante. Plus de deux cents personnages peuplent cette immense composition o&#249; se m&#234;lent damn&#233;s, h&#233;ros mythologiques, amants tragiques et figures all&#233;goriques.</p><p>Mais cette porte ne sera jamais v&#233;ritablement achev&#233;e.</p><p>Loin d&#8217;&#234;tre un &#233;chec, elle devient pourtant le laboratoire de toute son &#339;uvre. Pendant pr&#232;s de quarante ans, Rodin y puise sans cesse de nouvelles id&#233;es. De nombreuses sculptures aujourd&#8217;hui c&#233;l&#232;bres naissent d&#8217;abord comme de simples figures destin&#233;es &#224; cette porte monumentale avant d&#8217;acqu&#233;rir leur autonomie.</p><p><strong>Le Penseur</strong>, <strong>Le Baiser</strong>, <strong>La Dana&#239;de</strong>, <strong>La Cariatide</strong>, <strong>La M&#233;ditation</strong>&#8230; Toutes sont issues, d&#8217;une mani&#232;re ou d&#8217;une autre, de cette cr&#233;ation gigantesque.</p><p>Plus qu&#8217;une illustration de <em>La Divine Com&#233;die</em>, <strong>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</strong> devient, sous le regard de Rainer Maria Rilke, une immense m&#233;taphore de la condition humaine. Dans son essai <em>Auguste Rodin</em> (1903), le po&#232;te &#233;crit :</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Ici, l&#8217;humanit&#233; a faim de quelque chose qui la transcende. Ici, des mains se tendent vers l&#8217;&#233;ternit&#233;. Ici, des yeux s&#8217;ouvrent et contemplent la mort sans la craindre ; ici s&#8217;&#233;panouit un h&#233;ro&#239;sme sans espoir, dont la gloire vient comme un sourire et passe, fleurissant et se fanant comme une rose. Ici sont les temp&#234;tes du d&#233;sir et le calme plat de l&#8217;attente ; ici sont les r&#234;ves qui se transforment en actes et les actes qui se perdent en r&#234;ves. Ici, comme dans un gigantesque casino, l&#8217;on gagne ou l&#8217;on perd une fortune d&#8217;&#233;nergie.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">D&#233;bloquez l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; plus de 10 nouvelles newsletters chaque mois, ainsi qu&#8217;au programme &#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3>Le Penseur</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg" width="489" height="326.163" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:667,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:489,&quot;bytes&quot;:153384,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff230a64e-499e-4b0e-b219-cf944d39845a_1000x667.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Impossible de parler de Rodin sans &#233;voquer <strong>Le Penseur</strong>, devenu l&#8217;une des sculptures les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres au monde.</p><p>Pourtant, cette &#339;uvre ne devait pas &#234;tre expos&#233;e seule. Lorsqu&#8217;elle est cr&#233;&#233;e vers 1880 pour <em>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</em>, elle porte un autre nom : <strong>Le Po&#232;te</strong>. Rodin y repr&#233;sente alors <strong>Dante Alighieri</strong>, l&#8217;auteur de <em>La Divine Com&#233;die</em>, pench&#233; au-dessus des Enfers qu&#8217;il est en train d&#8217;imaginer.</p><p>Avec le temps, la sculpture quitte la Porte et devient une &#339;uvre autonome. En 1904, Rodin en r&#233;alise une version monumentale qui contribue &#224; sa renomm&#233;e internationale.</p><p>Ce qui frappe, c&#8217;est le contraste entre l&#8217;immobilit&#233; de la pose et la tension du corps. Cet homme ne se contente pas de r&#233;fl&#233;chir : chaque muscle semble participer &#224; sa pens&#233;e. Les mains sont crisp&#233;es, le dos est courb&#233;, les pieds s&#8217;agrippent &#224; leur socle. Chez Rodin, la pens&#233;e n&#8217;est jamais abstraite ; elle engage le corps tout entier.</p><p>Cette posture doit beaucoup &#224; deux &#339;uvres admir&#233;es par Rodin : l&#8217;<strong>Ugolin</strong> de Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux et le portrait assis de <strong>Laurent de M&#233;dicis</strong> sculpt&#233; par Michel-Ange. Mais Rodin transforme ces influences en une image universelle. Le Penseur n&#8217;est plus seulement Dante : il devient chacun d&#8217;entre nous face aux grandes questions de l&#8217;existence.</p><p><span>Rilke en donne une description magnifique :</span></p><blockquote><p><em>&#65279;&#65279;&#8220;Dans la pi&#232;ce calme et ferm&#233;e, est plac&#233;e la silhouette du Penseur, de l&#8217;homme qui voit toute la grandeur et toutes les horreurs de cette com&#233;die, parce qu&#8217;il pense. Il est assis, perdu dans ses pens&#233;es et muet, lourd d&#8217;images et d&#8217;id&#233;es, et toute sa force (qui est la force de quelqu&#8217;un qui agit) pense. Tout son corps s&#8217;est transform&#233; en cr&#226;ne, et tout le sang qui circule dans ses veines en cerveau.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Le Baiser</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic" width="215" height="322.33883058470764" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:667,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:215,&quot;bytes&quot;:77390,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qtog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0d24a51-31e7-4ef4-91d1-a21ea9810f00_668x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Si <em>Le Penseur</em> incarne la r&#233;flexion, <strong>Le Baiser</strong> c&#233;l&#232;bre la passion.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;origine, les deux amants repr&#233;sentent <strong>Paolo et Francesca</strong>, personnages de <em>La Divine Com&#233;die</em>. Amoureux malgr&#233; eux, ils sont surpris en train de s&#8217;embrasser par le mari de Francesca, qui les tue avant qu&#8217;ils ne soient condamn&#233;s &#224; errer &#233;ternellement en Enfer.</p><p>Rodin avait d&#8217;abord imagin&#233; cette sc&#232;ne pour <em>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</em>. Mais il comprend rapidement que ce couple rayonnant de tendresse et de sensualit&#233; contraste avec l&#8217;atmosph&#232;re tragique de l&#8217;ensemble. Il retire donc la sculpture de la composition et en fait une &#339;uvre ind&#233;pendante.</p><p>Le public oublie rapidement les personnages de Dante. Sans conna&#238;tre leur histoire, chacun y reconna&#238;t simplement un couple enlac&#233;. C&#8217;est ainsi que na&#238;t son titre d&#233;finitif : <strong>Le Baiser</strong>.</p><p>Rodin y saisit un instant suspendu. Les l&#232;vres ne se touchent presque pas encore. Toute la sculpture semble raconter les quelques secondes qui pr&#233;c&#232;dent un baiser plut&#244;t que le baiser lui-m&#234;me.</p><p><span>Rilke d&#233;crit admirablement cette impression :</span></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Le charme du grand groupe de la jeune fille et de l&#8217;homme appel&#233; Le baiser r&#233;side dans cette r&#233;partition sage et &#233;quitable de la vie; on a le sentiment qu&#8217;ici, &#224; tous les points de contact, p&#233;n&#232;trent dans les corps des ondes, des frissons de beaut&#233;, de pressentiment et de force. De l&#224; vient que l&#8217;on croit voir la f&#233;licit&#233; de ce baiser partout sur ce corps; il est comme un soleil qui se l&#232;ve, et sa lumi&#232;re est partout.&#8221;</em></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p>Si vous aimez d&#233;couvrir l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art de cette mani&#232;re, sachez que ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un aper&#231;u.</p><p>Les abonn&#233;s premium re&#231;oivent <strong>10 analyses in&#233;dites chaque mois</strong>, ainsi qu&#8217;un acc&#232;s &#224; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong> et &#224; mon livret <strong>&#171; Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;</strong>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>S'abonner maintenant</span></a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>La Dana&#239;de</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic" width="408" height="279.54422788605694" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:457,&quot;width&quot;:667,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:408,&quot;bytes&quot;:50876,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vck5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44866d51-0ddf-4ba0-adcb-086c98f0c102_668x458.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La Dana&#239;de est inspir&#233;e d&#8217;un mythe grec. Les cinquante filles du roi Danaos furent condamn&#233;es &#224; remplir &#233;ternellement une jarre perc&#233;e pour avoir assassin&#233; leurs &#233;poux le soir de leurs noces.</p><p>Plut&#244;t que de repr&#233;senter cette t&#226;che sans fin, Rodin choisit l&#8217;instant o&#249; tout espoir semble abandonn&#233;.</p><p>La jeune femme s&#8217;effondre contre la pierre. Son corps &#233;pouse presque le bloc de marbre dont il para&#238;t &#233;merger. Sa longue chevelure se m&#234;le &#224; l&#8217;eau qui s&#8217;&#233;coule de la jarre, comme si la mati&#232;re devenait liquide.</p><p>Rilke est particuli&#232;rement sensible &#224; cette sculpture. Il &#233;crit :</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;&#8230;la Dana&#239;de, qui, accroupie, s&#8217;est jet&#233;e dans sa chevelure ondoyante. Se promener lentement autour de ce marbre est merveilleux : c&#8217;est parcourir ce long, long chemin autour de l&#8217;arrondi largement &#233;panoui de ce dos, jusqu&#8217;au visage s&#8217;abandonnant dans la pierre comme dans un long sanglot, jusqu&#8217;&#224; la main qui, comme une ultime fleur, parle tout bas une derni&#232;re fois de la vie, tout au fond dans la glace &#233;ternelle du rocher.&#8221; </em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>&#200;ve</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic" width="316" height="421.00313479623827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:638,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:316,&quot;bytes&quot;:23492,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VVuD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ee25f8c-6324-4919-95f6-e80654fe9e83_638x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Avec <strong>Adam</strong>, &#200;ve devait encadrer <em>La Porte de l&#8217;Enfer</em>. Tous deux rappelaient les cons&#233;quences du p&#233;ch&#233; originel : la souffrance, la mortalit&#233; et la chute de l&#8217;humanit&#233;.</p><p>Rodin choisit pourtant un moment tr&#232;s diff&#233;rent des repr&#233;sentations traditionnelles.</p><p>&#200;ve ne cherche pas &#224; s&#233;duire. Son corps se replie sur lui-m&#234;me, comme &#233;cras&#233; par la honte. Ses bras cachent son visage, tandis que sa silhouette semble se tordre sous le poids du remords.</p><p>Plus qu&#8217;un personnage biblique, Rodin sculpte ici une &#233;motion universelle : la culpabilit&#233;.</p><p>Rilke d&#233;crit avec une grande sensibilit&#233; cette figure repli&#233;e sur elle-m&#234;me :</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;La t&#234;te s&#8217;enfonce profond&#233;ment dans l&#8217;obscurit&#233; des bras qui se replient au-dessus de la poitrine comme chez quelqu&#8217;un qui a froid. Le dos est arrondi, la nuque presque horizontale, la posture courb&#233;e en avant, comme pour &#234;tre &#224; l&#8217;&#233;coute de son propre corps, o&#249; commence &#224; remuer un avenir inconnu.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>La Cariatide &#224; la pierre</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic" width="387" height="433.4167916041979" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:747,&quot;width&quot;:667,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:387,&quot;bytes&quot;:92178,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5b29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff60dcdfd-9ae1-4913-a0b0-373421a24d5d_668x748.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Depuis l&#8217;Antiquit&#233; grecque, les cariatides sont repr&#233;sent&#233;es comme de majestueuses femmes soutenant un &#233;difice avec calme et dignit&#233;.</p><p>Rodin bouleverse compl&#232;tement cette tradition.</p><p>Sa cariatide est accroupie. Son immense rocher l&#8217;&#233;crase presque. Ses muscles sont tendus, son &#233;quilibre para&#238;t fragile.</p><p>Et pourtant, elle ne renonce pas.</p><p>Longtemps, cette sculpture a &#233;t&#233; interpr&#233;t&#233;e comme le symbole d&#8217;un &#234;tre humain accabl&#233; par son destin. Rodin pr&#233;f&#233;rait y voir une image du courage : malgr&#233; le poids qui l&#8217;&#233;crase, la figure continue d&#8217;avancer.</p><p>Rilke &#233;crit &#224; son sujet :</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Sur la moindre partie de ce corps, toute la pierre est pos&#233;e comme une volont&#233; qui &#233;tait plus grande, plus &#226;g&#233;e et plus puissante, et pourtant son destin qui &#233;tait de porter n&#8217;a pas pris fin. Elle porte comme on porte en r&#234;ve l&#8217;impossible, et ne trouve pas d&#8217;issue. Son affaissement et sa d&#233;faillance n&#8217;y font rien non plus, elle porte toujours, et quand viendra la prochaine fatigue et que le corps en sera r&#233;duit &#224; se coucher contre son gr&#233;, cette fa&#231;on de se coucher sera encore une fa&#231;on de porter, de porter sans fin. Telle est la Caryatide.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Le buste de Georges Clemenceau</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic" width="417" height="446.46996466431096" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:606,&quot;width&quot;:566,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:417,&quot;bytes&quot;:64962,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208476736?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5sSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe34ffad5-54c5-495f-801a-7717ab1c5964_566x606.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>On conna&#238;t surtout Rodin pour ses sculptures monumentales. Pourtant, il fut &#233;galement un immense portraitiste.</p><p>Lorsque Georges Clemenceau lui commande son buste en 1909, Rodin exige de nombreuses s&#233;ances de pose. Il observe son mod&#232;le sous tous les angles, recommence plusieurs fois son travail et laisse volontairement visibles les traces de ses doigts dans l&#8217;argile.</p><p>Son objectif n&#8217;est pas de produire un portrait fid&#232;le au sens photographique du terme.</p><p>Il veut r&#233;v&#233;ler ce qu&#8217;il appelle la <strong>v&#233;rit&#233; int&#233;rieure</strong>.</p><p>Cette recherche explique pourquoi ses portraits paraissent si vivants encore aujourd&#8217;hui. Rodin ne sculpte pas seulement un visage ; il tente de donner une forme &#224; une personnalit&#233;.</p><p>Cette force expressive frappe &#233;galement Rainer Maria Rilke, qui &#233;crit &#224; Rodin &#224; propos de ce portrait :</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;J&#8217;y vois encore votre Clemenceau, combien d&#8217;oiseaux d&#8217;admiration viendront s&#8217;anider &#224; l&#8217;ombre de ces orbites pr&#233;historiques.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Si cette &#233;dition vous a donn&#233; envie de d&#233;couvrir Rodin autrement, je ne peux que vous recommander <a href="https://gianadda.ch">l&#8217;exposition </a><strong><a href="https://gianadda.ch">&#171; Rodin selon Rilke &#187;</a></strong><a href="https://gianadda.ch"> &#224; la Fondation Pierre Gianadda</a>, &#224; Martigny, en Suisse.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Vous aimez ce type de contenu ?</h3><p>Chaque semaine, je publie plusieurs lettres comme celle-ci pour rendre l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art accessible et passionnante.</p><p>L&#8217;abonnement gratuit vous permet d&#233;j&#224; de recevoir quelques newsletters.</p><p>Mais si vous souhaitez aller plus loin, vous pouvez soutenir mon travail en devenant <strong>abonn&#233; premium</strong>.</p><p>En plus de soutenir la cr&#233;ation de cette newsletter, vous aurez acc&#232;s &#224; :</p><ul><li><p><strong>10 newsletters in&#233;dites par mois</strong> r&#233;serv&#233;es aux abonn&#233;s </p></li><li><p><strong>Mon programme &#8220;30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>Le livret &#8220;Les femmes artistes oubli&#233;es par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Acc&#232;s &#224; tous les anciens articles</strong></p></li></ul><p>Chaque &#233;dition repr&#233;sente plusieurs heures de recherche, de lecture et d&#8217;&#233;criture. Si ces newsletters vous permettent de mieux comprendre les &#339;uvres, de pr&#233;parer vos visites de mus&#233;es ou simplement de regarder l&#8217;art avec un &#339;il nouveau, un abonnement premium est la meilleure fa&#231;on de soutenir ce travail et de me permettre de continuer &#224; publier des contenus toujours plus approfondis.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/subscribe"><span>Profiter de l'exp&#233;rience compl&#232;te</span></a></p><p>Merci d&#8217;&#234;tre l&#224;, et &#224; tr&#232;s vite pour une nouvelle plong&#233;e dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art. &#128150;</p><p><strong>P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[10 femmes artistes à connaître 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[Du rococo au cubisme, en passant par l&#8217;impressionnisme, le surr&#233;alisme, l&#8217;Art d&#233;co et l&#8217;expressionnisme.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/10-femmes-artistes-a-connaitre</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/10-femmes-artistes-a-connaitre</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 14:02:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43abcd07-edb1-4104-985e-d4a20b9ef719_1540x1160.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers lecteurs,</p><p>Dans cette &#233;dition, j&#8217;ai souhait&#233; mettre &#224; l&#8217;honneur <strong>dix femmes artistes</strong> qui ont marqu&#233; l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><p>Comme vous le savez, les femmes ont longtemps &#233;t&#233; sous-repr&#233;sent&#233;es dans les mus&#233;es, les livres d&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art et les r&#233;cits officiels. J&#8217;avais donc envie de leur rendre hommage en vous faisant d&#233;couvrir dix artistes dont les &#339;uvres et les parcours m&#233;ritent d&#8217;&#234;tre connus. &#128071;&#127995;</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Anne Vallayer-Coster (1744&#8211;1818)</strong></h3><h4><strong>Contexte</strong></h4><p>Anne Vallayer-Coster na&#238;t &#224; Paris en 1744 dans une famille li&#233;e aux arts d&#233;coratifs royaux. Gr&#226;ce &#224; son talent exceptionnel, elle est admise &#224; l&#8217;Acad&#233;mie royale de peinture et de sculpture, &#233;v&#233;nement rare pour une femme &#224; cette &#233;poque. Elle b&#233;n&#233;ficie aussi du soutien de Marie-Antoinette avant la R&#233;volution fran&#231;aise.</p><h4>Style et &#339;uvres</h4><p>Elle est surtout c&#233;l&#232;bre pour ses natures mortes repr&#233;sentant fleurs, fruits, instruments de musique et objets pr&#233;cieux. Influenc&#233;e par Chardin et les ma&#238;tres hollandais, elle ma&#238;trise parfaitement les textures et les effets de lumi&#232;re. Ses tableaux se distinguent par leur pr&#233;cision, leur &#233;l&#233;gance et leur &#233;quilibre visuel.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic" width="1366" height="580" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:580,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:203217,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208324398?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Q_m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12889cfa-35d5-499c-9314-67cdda7bcf64_1366x580.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>H&#233;ritage</h4><p>Anne Vallayer-Coster est aujourd&#8217;hui consid&#233;r&#233;e comme l&#8217;une des plus grandes peintres fran&#231;aises du XVIIIe si&#232;cle. Son travail a contribu&#233; &#224; donner une v&#233;ritable noblesse artistique au genre de la nature morte.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Marguerite G&#233;rard (1761 &#8212; 1837)</h3><h4><strong>Contexte</strong></h4><p>Marguerite G&#233;rard na&#238;t en 1761 &#224; Grasse avant de rejoindre Paris, o&#249; elle grandit dans l&#8217;entourage du peintre Jean-Honor&#233; Fragonard. &#192; la fin du XVIIIe si&#232;cle, peu de femmes peuvent faire carri&#232;re dans les arts, mais elle parvient &#224; se faire conna&#238;tre gr&#226;ce &#224; son talent et &#224; son travail dans la peinture de genre.</p><h4>Style et &#339;uvres</h4><p>Elle r&#233;alise principalement des sc&#232;nes d&#8217;int&#233;rieur raffin&#233;es montrant des moments familiaux, des lectures, des sc&#232;nes musicales ou l&#8217;&#233;ducation des enfants. Son style h&#233;rite de la douceur rococo de Fragonard mais avec une sensibilit&#233; plus intime et plus bourgeoise. Les couleurs sont d&#233;licates, les expressions tr&#232;s travaill&#233;es et les compositions pleines de calme et d&#8217;&#233;l&#233;gance.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic" width="1366" height="620" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:620,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:177338,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208324398?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0HhB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fbe2c9f-7222-4c25-8c0b-74105d3394ca_1366x620.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>H&#233;ritage</h4><p>Marguerite G&#233;rard conna&#238;t un v&#233;ritable succ&#232;s de son vivant, notamment aupr&#232;s des collectionneurs europ&#233;ens. Longtemps consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une simple collaboratrice de Fragonard, elle est aujourd&#8217;hui reconnue comme une artiste importante de la transition entre rococo et peinture du XIXe si&#232;cle.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Marie Bracquemond (1840&#8211;1916)</strong></h3><h4><strong>Contexte</strong></h4><p>Marie Bracquemond na&#238;t en 1840 et d&#233;veloppe tr&#232;s jeune des talents pour la peinture. Elle rejoint les impressionnistes dans les ann&#233;es 1870 mais voit sa carri&#232;re frein&#233;e par son mari F&#233;lix Bracquemond, tr&#232;s critique envers ce mouvement artistique moderne.</p><h4>Style et &#339;uvres</h4><p>Sa peinture se caract&#233;rise par des couleurs lumineuses, des touches libres et une grande attention aux effets de lumi&#232;re naturelle. Elle repr&#233;sente souvent des femmes dans des jardins, des terrasses ou des paysages baign&#233;s de soleil. Son tableau Sur la terrasse &#224; S&#232;vres est consid&#233;r&#233; comme l&#8217;un des chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre impressionnistes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic" width="1366" height="483" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:483,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:188644,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208324398?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AvUq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a914b83-548e-482c-8ae9-621369559a6b_1366x483.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>H&#233;ritage</h4><p>Longtemps oubli&#233;e par l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art, Marie Bracquemond est aujourd&#8217;hui reconnue comme l&#8217;une des trois grandes femmes impressionnistes avec Berthe Morisot et Mary Cassatt.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Adrienne van rees Dutilh (1876&#8211;1959)</h3><h4>Contexte</h4><p>Adya est une artiste n&#233;erlandaise active dans les avant-gardes europ&#233;ennes du d&#233;but du XXe si&#232;cle. Elle travaille entre les Pays-Bas, la France et la Suisse et fr&#233;quente les milieux cubistes et abstraits. &#192; une &#233;poque o&#249; les femmes artistes restent marginalis&#233;es, elle participe pourtant aux recherches modernes les plus innovantes.</p><h4>Style et &#339;uvres</h4><p>Son travail &#233;volue du symbolisme vers l&#8217;abstraction g&#233;om&#233;trique. Elle r&#233;alise des peintures, tapisseries et compositions d&#233;coratives influenc&#233;es par le cubisme et l&#8217;orphisme. Ses &#339;uvres utilisent des formes simplifi&#233;es et des couleurs dynamiques pour cr&#233;er un rythme visuel moderne.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic" width="1366" height="530" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:530,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:141386,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/208324398?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eoz8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd58bf840-5466-4641-8fd0-36f71e7815ef_1366x530.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>H&#233;ritage</h4><p>Adya van Rees Dutilh est aujourd&#8217;hui reconnue comme une pionni&#232;re de l&#8217;abstraction europ&#233;enne et des arts textiles modernes. Son &#339;uvre refl&#232;te les &#233;changes entre peinture, d&#233;coration et avant-garde.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Jeanne H&#233;buterne</h3><h4>Contexte</h4><p>Jeanne H&#233;buterne grandit dans une famille bourgeoise fran&#231;aise et &#233;tudie &#224; l&#8217;Acad&#233;mie Colarossi &#224; Paris, un lieu ouvert aux femmes artistes. Elle fr&#233;quente les milieux boh&#232;mes de Montparnasse et rencontre Amedeo Modigliani en 1917. Leur relation passionn&#233;e contribue &#224; faire d&#8217;elle une figure tragique de l&#8217;&#201;cole de Paris.</p><h4>Style et &#339;uvres</h4>
      <p>
          <a href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/10-femmes-artistes-a-connaitre">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Serveuse de bocks : un chef-d'œuvre de Manet à découvrir 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une plong&#233;e dans le Paris de la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, entre art, travail et modernit&#233;.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/la-serveuse-de-bocks-un-chef-duvre</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/la-serveuse-de-bocks-un-chef-duvre</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 05:02:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers lecteurs,</p><p>Dans cette nouvelle &#233;dition, je vous propose de d&#233;couvrir <strong>La Serveuse de bocks</strong>, l&#8217;une des &#339;uvres majeures d&#8217;&#201;douard Manet. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic" width="361" height="430.36465638148667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:713,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:361,&quot;bytes&quot;:102872,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/206930388?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F830dd418-1dba-4ea5-acea-b6276c8ee30e_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La Serveuse de bocks, Edouard Manet, 1878-1879</figcaption></figure></div><p>Actuellement expos&#233; au <strong><a href="https://www.museedelabbaye.fr">mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Abbaye de Saint-Claude</a> (Haut-Jura)</strong>, ce tableau fait partie de l&#8217;op&#233;ration <strong>&#171; 100 &#339;uvres qui racontent le travail &#187;</strong>, port&#233;e par le mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay.</p><p>&#192; travers cette sc&#232;ne de caf&#233; en apparence ordinaire, Manet raconte les profondes <strong>transformations de la soci&#233;t&#233; fran&#231;aise &#224; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle</strong> : industrialisation, nouveaux lieux de sociabilit&#233;, &#233;volution du travail f&#233;minin et naissance de la modernit&#233; artistique.</p><p>Je vous invite &#224; d&#233;couvrir <strong>pourquoi cette &#339;uvre est aujourd&#8217;hui consid&#233;r&#233;e comme l&#8217;un des grands manifestes de la modernit&#233;.</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Une soci&#233;t&#233; en pleine mutation</strong></h3><p>Au XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, la France change de visage. Les campagnes se vident progressivement tandis que les villes connaissent une croissance spectaculaire. La m&#233;canisation des manufactures, l&#8217;essor des chemins de fer, la multiplication des usines et l&#8217;am&#233;lioration des techniques de production transforment profond&#233;ment l&#8217;&#233;conomie comme les modes de vie.</p><p>&#192; Paris, le pr&#233;fet Haussmann redessine la capitale sous Napol&#233;on III. Les grands boulevards remplacent les ruelles anciennes, les caf&#233;s et les brasseries se multiplient et deviennent de nouveaux lieux de sociabilit&#233;.</p><p>Cette modernit&#233; ne transforme pas seulement les paysages : elle change &#233;galement les pratiques artistiques. L&#8217;invention du tube de peinture m&#233;tallique, commercialis&#233; d&#232;s les ann&#233;es 1840, permet aux peintres de quitter plus facilement leur atelier pour travailler sur le motif. La peinture devient plus libre, plus lumineuse et plus attentive aux effets fugitifs de la lumi&#232;re.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic" width="442" height="327.6" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:630,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:442,&quot;bytes&quot;:83138,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/206930388?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9I8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5399ca0b-59aa-4574-a595-ff96ebe12b95_850x630.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Henri Fantin-Latour, <em>Un atelier aux Batignolles, </em><span>1870 (sont pr&#233;sents sur la toile : Manet, assis devant son chevalet ; Auguste Renoir, coiff&#233; d'un chapeau ; Zacharie Astruc, sculpteur et journaliste ; Emile Zola, porte-parole du renouveau de la peinture ; Edmond Ma&#238;tre, fonctionnaire &#224; l'H&#244;tel de Ville ; Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Bazille)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Autour de Manet gravite toute une g&#233;n&#233;ration d&#8217;artistes &#8211; Monet, Renoir, Degas, Bazille &#8211; qui renouvellent la peinture fran&#231;aise. Bien qu&#8217;il ne participe jamais aux expositions impressionnistes, Manet appara&#238;t aujourd&#8217;hui comme leur principal pr&#233;curseur.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Apr&#232;s les r&#233;volutions politiques, une r&#233;volution artistique</strong></h3><p>Le XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle est aussi marqu&#233; par une grande instabilit&#233; politique. Monarchies, empires et r&#233;publiques se succ&#232;dent jusqu&#8217;&#224; la chute du Second Empire en 1870. La d&#233;faite contre la Prusse, puis la Commune de Paris en 1871, plongent la France dans une profonde crise politique et sociale.</p><p>R&#233;publicain convaincu, Manet vit ces &#233;v&#233;nements de pr&#232;s. Mobilis&#233; dans la Garde nationale pendant le si&#232;ge de Paris, il assiste aux bouleversements qui traversent la soci&#233;t&#233; fran&#231;aise. Sans devenir un peintre militant, il choisit de t&#233;moigner de son &#233;poque en repr&#233;sentant ceux que la grande peinture ignorait jusque-l&#224; : ouvriers, promeneurs, serveuses, chanteuses ou simples habitu&#233;s des caf&#233;s.</p><p>&#192; la m&#234;me p&#233;riode, les artistes contestent &#233;galement l&#8217;ordre &#233;tabli dans le monde de l&#8217;art. En 1863, apr&#232;s le rejet massif d&#8217;&#339;uvres par le Salon officiel, Napol&#233;on III autorise l&#8217;ouverture du c&#233;l&#232;bre <strong>Salon des Refus&#233;s</strong>, o&#249; Manet pr&#233;sente <strong>Le D&#233;jeuner sur l&#8217;herbe</strong>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic" width="475" height="371.05882352941177" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:664,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:475,&quot;bytes&quot;:101849,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/206930388?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UnD5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ff5e0d7-3e2b-4667-8811-4bd71941d236_850x664.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edouard Manet, <em>Le D&#233;jeuner sur l&#8217;herbe, </em>1863</figcaption></figure></div><p>Dix ans plus tard, plusieurs artistes fondent la Soci&#233;t&#233; anonyme des peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs, qui donnera naissance aux expositions impressionnistes.</p><p>La peinture quitte alors progressivement les sujets historiques et mythologiques pour raconter la vie contemporaine.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Les caf&#233;s, laboratoire de la modernit&#233;</strong></h3><p>&#192; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, les caf&#233;s ne sont plus de simples d&#233;bits de boissons.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic" width="379" height="451.8232819074334" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:713,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:379,&quot;bytes&quot;:147252,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/206930388?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ni5l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1625333-7963-4d2b-9540-a4722bbe5fa2_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le caf&#233; Guerbois, puis le Caf&#233; de la Nouvelle Ath&#232;nes, deviennent les v&#233;ritables quartiers g&#233;n&#233;raux de la vie intellectuelle parisienne. Manet y retrouve Degas, Monet, Zola, Courbet, Baudelaire ou encore Vall&#232;s. On y discute peinture, litt&#233;rature, politique, mais aussi des grands bouleversements de la soci&#233;t&#233;.</p><p>Les caf&#233;s r&#233;unissent des publics tr&#232;s diff&#233;rents : &#233;tudiants, journalistes, ouvriers, bourgeois, artistes, artisans ou petits employ&#233;s. Les fronti&#232;res sociales s&#8217;y brouillent dans une atmosph&#232;re enfum&#233;e o&#249; l&#8217;on boit de la bi&#232;re, o&#249; l&#8217;on fume pipes, cigares et cigarettes.</p><p>C&#8217;est ce monde que Manet d&#233;cide de peindre.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>La bi&#232;re, symbole de la r&#233;volution industrielle</strong></h3><p>Le d&#233;veloppement spectaculaire de la consommation de bi&#232;re accompagne directement l&#8217;industrialisation.</p><p>Gr&#226;ce aux progr&#232;s de la pasteurisation et des transports, les brasseries se multiplient dans toute la France. &#192; Paris, plusieurs centaines d&#8217;&#233;tablissements ouvrent leurs portes apr&#232;s les Expositions universelles.</p><p>Les bi&#232;res sont servies dans de grands verres &#224; anse appel&#233;s <strong>bocks</strong>, capables de contenir entre 20 et 25 centilitres. Leur nom provient du mot allemand <em>Bockbier</em>.</p><p>Autour de cette nouvelle consommation se d&#233;veloppe tout un univers : caf&#233;s-concerts, brasseries &#224; femmes, spectacles populaires et vie nocturne. Mais cette modernit&#233; inqui&#232;te &#233;galement. L&#8217;alcoolisme devient un sujet de pr&#233;occupation majeur. Les m&#233;decins hygi&#233;nistes d&#233;noncent ses cons&#233;quences sociales tandis que des campagnes antialcooliques se d&#233;veloppent &#224; travers toute la France.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Une femme au travail</strong></h3><p>Au centre du tableau de Manet se tient une jeune serveuse.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic" width="273" height="325.4558204768583" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:713,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:273,&quot;bytes&quot;:102872,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/206930388?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LL4t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21679adb-36b6-40e1-833f-fa1b6e9281e1_713x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Elle n&#8217;est ni h&#233;ro&#239;ne mythologique ni princesse. C&#8217;est une employ&#233;e de caf&#233;.</p><p>&#192; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, les serveuses sont souvent de jeunes femmes issues de l&#8217;exode rural. Elles travaillent entre douze et quatorze heures par jour pour des salaires tr&#232;s faibles, largement compl&#233;t&#233;s par les pourboires. Leur m&#233;tier est consid&#233;r&#233; comme un prolongement des t&#226;ches domestiques et reste peu reconnu.</p><p>Leur apparence constitue pourtant un v&#233;ritable argument commercial. Les &#233;tablissements exigent qu&#8217;elles soient &#233;l&#233;gamment v&#234;tues, souriantes et s&#233;duisantes afin d&#8217;attirer la client&#232;le masculine. Beaucoup subissent le harc&#232;lement des clients, les insultes ou les violences. Certaines compl&#232;tent leurs revenus par la prostitution.</p><p>Contrairement &#224; de nombreux artistes qui id&#233;alisent ces femmes, Manet refuse toute caricature.</p><p>Sa serveuse regarde le spectateur droit dans les yeux.</p><p>Son expression reste volontairement ambigu&#235;. Fatigue ? D&#233;termination ? Solitude ? Le peintre ne r&#233;pond pas. Il laisse chacun construire sa propre interpr&#233;tation.</p><p>&#192; travers cette figure anonyme, Manet offre une dignit&#233; nouvelle &#224; ces travailleuses invisibles.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Une r&#233;volution dans la mani&#232;re de peindre</strong></h3><p>Le cadrage de l'&#339;uvre &#233;voque les premi&#232;res photographies, une innovation encore r&#233;cente &#224; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle.</p><p><span>Les personnages sont coup&#233;s par le cadre, le lustre dispara&#238;t partiellement, la danseuse n'appara&#238;t qu'&#224; moiti&#233; : autant d'effets qui donnent l'impression d'un instant saisi sur le vif.</span></p><p>Le spectateur devient un client install&#233; &#224; une table de la brasserie. Il participe directement &#224; la sc&#232;ne.</p><p>La frontalit&#233; de la serveuse efface la profondeur traditionnelle des tableaux acad&#233;miques. Le regard circule sans cesse entre les personnages tandis que les larges coups de pinceau donnent une impression de mouvement permanent.</p><p>Manet ne raconte plus une histoire fig&#233;e : il capture un instant.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Pourquoi Saint-Claude ?</strong></h2><p>L&#8217;arriv&#233;e de <strong>La Serveuse de bocks</strong> &#224; Saint-Claude n&#8217;est pas une co&#239;ncidence.</p><p>Elle dialogue directement avec l&#8217;histoire de la ville.</p><p>Au XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, Saint-Claude devient la capitale mondiale de la pipe en bruy&#232;re. L&#8217;industrie transforme profond&#233;ment le territoire, attire une importante main-d&#8217;&#339;uvre et favorise le d&#233;veloppement d&#8217;une culture ouvri&#232;re originale incarn&#233;e par <strong>La Fraternelle</strong>, coop&#233;rative fond&#233;e dans les ann&#233;es 1880 puis install&#233;e dans la Maison du Peuple inaugur&#233;e en 1910.</p><p>Dans l&#8217;&#339;uvre de Manet, le client du premier plan fume justement une pipe, rappel discret mais significatif de cette culture populaire li&#233;e aux caf&#233;s et aux brasseries.</p><p>&#192; proximit&#233; du tableau, le mus&#233;e pr&#233;sente une s&#233;lection de pipes qui replacent cette sc&#232;ne parisienne dans le contexte plus large de l&#8217;industrialisation fran&#231;aise.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Et si vous alliez voir le tableau en vrai ?</strong></h3><p><span>Jusqu'au </span><strong>20 septembre 2026</strong><span>, </span><em>La Serveuse de bocks</em><span> est expos&#233;e au </span><strong><a href="https://www.museedelabbaye.fr">mus&#233;e de l'Abbaye de Saint-Claude (Jura)</a></strong><a href="https://www.museedelabbaye.fr"><span>. </span></a></p><p><span>Profitez-en pour d&#233;couvrir bien plus qu'une exposition temporaire : le mus&#233;e abrite un </span><strong>exceptionnel site arch&#233;ologique</strong><span>, avec les vestiges de l'ancienne abbaye fond&#233;e au Ve si&#232;cle, ainsi qu'une riche collection de </span><strong>beaux-arts de la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle aux ann&#233;es 1980</strong><span>, r&#233;unissant notamment Bonnard, Vuillard, Braque, Dufy ou Chagall.</span></p><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La représentation des femmes dans l'art du XIXe siècle 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ce que l'on attend des femmes&#8230; et celles qui s'en affranchissent]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/la-representation-des-femmes-dans</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/la-representation-des-femmes-dans</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 05:00:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>&#192; travers la peinture et la sculpture du XIXe si&#232;cle, les artistes t&#233;moignent autant des </span><strong><span>attentes de leur &#233;poque que des &#233;volutions de la place des femmes dans la soci&#233;t&#233;. </span></strong></p><p><span>Entre &#233;pouse id&#233;ale, m&#232;re exemplaire, travailleuse, militante ou artiste ind&#233;pendante, ces &#339;uvres montrent comment la place des femmes &#233;volue au fil du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle.&#128071;&#127995;</span></p><div><hr></div><h3>1. La femme fid&#232;le : P&#233;n&#233;lope, un mod&#232;le de vertu</h3><p><span>En </span><strong>1849</strong><span>, le sculpteur </span><strong><span>Jules Cavelier</span></strong><span> r&#233;alise </span><em><strong>P&#233;n&#233;lope</strong></em><span>, inspir&#233;e de l'&#233;pop&#233;e de l'Odyss&#233;e.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic" width="292" height="448.014440433213" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:554,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:292,&quot;bytes&quot;:62034,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22572a48-4804-4072-b63e-6c0e73554cdf_554x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jules Cavelier, P&#233;n&#233;lope, 1849</figcaption></figure></div><p>P&#233;n&#233;lope attend le retour de son &#233;poux Ulysse, parti pendant vingt ans &#224; la guerre puis retenu dans son long voyage. </p><p>Malgr&#233; les nombreux pr&#233;tendants qui souhaitent l&#8217;&#233;pouser, elle leur promet de choisir un nouveau mari lorsqu&#8217;elle aura termin&#233; de tisser le linceul de son beau-p&#232;re. Chaque nuit, elle d&#233;fait pourtant en secret ce qu&#8217;elle a tiss&#233; le jour, retardant ainsi sans cesse sa d&#233;cision.</p><p>La sculpture insiste sur cette attente silencieuse : la corbeille contenant la pelote de fil rappelle son ouvrage, tandis que son attitude calme et presque assoupie &#233;voque la patience. </p><p>Au milieu du XIXe si&#232;cle, cette figure antique devient le symbole de ce que la soci&#233;t&#233; attend des femmes : <strong>fid&#233;lit&#233;, discr&#233;tion et d&#233;vouement envers leur &#233;poux.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>2. Corn&#233;lie : la m&#232;re id&#233;ale</h3><p><span>En </span><strong>1861</strong><span>, Jules Cavelier sculpte </span><em><strong>Corn&#233;lie, m&#232;re des Gracques</strong></em><span>.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic" width="293" height="414.3926788685524" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:601,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:293,&quot;bytes&quot;:76383,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ppB9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6db93b36-3257-4460-b0fc-bbffba203ae4_601x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jules Cavelier, Corn&#233;lie, m&#232;re des Gracques, 1861</figcaption></figure></div><p>Corn&#233;lie est c&#233;l&#232;bre dans l&#8217;histoire romaine pour avoir &#233;lev&#233; deux fils devenus d&#8217;importants hommes politiques : les Gracques. Une anecdote raconte que des femmes de la haute soci&#233;t&#233; lui montrent leurs bijoux et lui demandent o&#249; sont les siens. Corn&#233;lie r&#233;pondit simplement en d&#233;signant ses enfants :</p><blockquote><p>&#171; Mes bijoux, les voici. &#187;</p></blockquote><p>La sculpture adopte un style classique, sobre et majestueux. La retenue de son attitude traduit les qualit&#233;s attendues d&#8217;une femme respectable. Plus que sa richesse ou son apparence, <strong>c&#8217;est sa r&#233;ussite dans l&#8217;&#233;ducation de ses enfants qui est c&#233;l&#233;br&#233;e.</strong></p><p>Au XIXe si&#232;cle, les r&#244;les masculins et f&#233;minins sont tr&#232;s s&#233;par&#233;s : les hommes occupent l&#8217;espace public tandis que <strong>les femmes sont valoris&#233;es pour leur r&#244;le au sein de la famille.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>3. Les femmes au travail : la blanchisseuse de Daumier</h3><p>Avec <em><strong>La Blanchisseuse</strong></em>, Honor&#233; Daumier montre une autre r&#233;alit&#233;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic" width="295" height="442.23985890652557" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:567,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:295,&quot;bytes&quot;:102611,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dDek!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13e07282-8aa0-408f-8cb3-e981d700cc70_567x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Honor&#233; Daumier, <strong>La Blanchisseuse</strong>, Vers 1863</figcaption></figure></div><p>Sur les quais de la Seine &#224; Paris, une blanchisseuse rentre du travail accompagn&#233;e de sa fille, qui porte d&#233;j&#224; le battoir servant &#224; laver le linge.</p><p>L&#8217;&#339;uvre illustre les petits m&#233;tiers qui se d&#233;veloppent avec l&#8217;urbanisation du XIXe si&#232;cle. Elle montre &#233;galement<strong> la transmission du m&#233;tier d&#8217;une g&#233;n&#233;ration &#224; l&#8217;autre : tr&#232;s jeune, l&#8217;enfant est d&#233;j&#224; int&#233;gr&#233;e au monde du travail. </strong>Daumier offre une vision r&#233;aliste des classes populaires, loin des repr&#233;sentations id&#233;alis&#233;es.</p><div><hr></div><h3>4. Rosa Bonheur : une artiste qui bouscule les conventions</h3><p>En <strong>1849</strong>, Rosa Bonheur pr&#233;sente <em><strong>Labourage nivernais</strong></em>, une immense sc&#232;ne de labour command&#233;e par la Deuxi&#232;me R&#233;publique.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic" width="850" height="436" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:436,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:56101,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7m5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15806d14-f742-4b81-aa1d-5f6dd189e326_850x436.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Rosa Bonheur, Labourage nivernais, 1849</figcaption></figure></div><p>Form&#233;e par son p&#232;re, Rosa Bonheur se passionne tr&#232;s t&#244;t pour les animaux. Dans cette &#339;uvre, les v&#233;ritables h&#233;ros sont les b&#339;ufs qui retournent la terre nourrici&#232;re, tandis que les paysans restent presque en arri&#232;re-plan.</p><p>Le tableau marque une nouveaut&#233; : un sujet de la vie quotidienne trait&#233; dans un tr&#232;s grand format, habituellement r&#233;serv&#233; aux sc&#232;nes historiques.</p><p>Rosa Bonheur conna&#238;t un immense succ&#232;s en France, mais aussi au Royaume-Uni et aux &#201;tats-Unis. Gr&#226;ce &#224; sa fortune, elle ach&#232;te un ch&#226;teau o&#249; elle recueille de nombreux animaux et devient membre de la Soci&#233;t&#233; Protectrice des Animaux.</p><p>Sa vie personnelle est &#233;galement exceptionnelle pour son &#233;poque. Elle ne se marie jamais, vit avec des femmes et porte r&#233;guli&#232;rement le pantalon afin de pouvoir travailler librement aupr&#232;s des animaux. <strong>&#192; cette &#233;poque, une autorisation de la pr&#233;fecture de police est n&#233;cessaire pour qu&#8217;une femme puisse porter un v&#234;tement masculin en public.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>5. Les &#171; p&#233;troleuses &#187; : la peur des femmes engag&#233;es</h3><p>Apr&#232;s la <strong>Commune de Paris</strong>, <strong>r&#233;volte populaire de 1871</strong>, plusieurs incendies d&#233;truisent des b&#226;timents de la capitale.</p><p>Une rumeur accuse alors certaines femmes d&#8217;avoir volontairement incendi&#233; Paris avec du p&#233;trole. Ces pr&#233;tendues &#171; p&#233;troleuses &#187; deviennent le sujet d&#8217;une importante propagande, comme dans les &#339;uvres de Giacomo Ginotti.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic" width="318" height="314.5584415584416" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1371,&quot;width&quot;:1386,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:318,&quot;bytes&quot;:171573,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XlDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6be7b538-d9e7-4f00-b6c2-276dcaf0d6de_1386x1371.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Giacomo Ginotti, </span>La P&#233;troleuse vaincue<span>, 1887</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les repr&#233;sentations les montrent comme des femmes violentes, mal habill&#233;es et presque sauvages. Pourtant, ces accusations reposaient souvent sur tr&#232;s peu de preuves, d&#8217;autant que le p&#233;trole &#233;tait un produit co&#251;teux.</p><p><strong>Ce qui inqui&#232;te surtout les autorit&#233;s versaillaises est la pr&#233;sence active de femmes dans la vie politique et dans l&#8217;espace public.</strong> Certaines furent condamn&#233;es &#224; de lourdes peines, voire &#224; mort.</p><div><hr></div><h3>6. <strong><span>Les femmes prennent la parole</span></strong></h3><p>&#192; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle, certaines femmes acqui&#232;rent une renomm&#233;e qui d&#233;passe largement les fronti&#232;res de la France. </p><p>C'est le cas de Sarah Bernhardt, l'une des plus grandes com&#233;diennes de son &#233;poque. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic" width="328" height="328" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:328,&quot;bytes&quot;:105706,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCF0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04e19f5c-59e1-4888-8842-8a62c060cfc0_850x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Louise Abbema, Sarah Bernhardt, 1875</figcaption></figure></div><p>Son immense succ&#232;s fait d'elle une v&#233;ritable c&#233;l&#233;brit&#233; internationale et une source d'inspiration pour de nombreux artistes. Louise Abb&#233;ma, son amie proche, lui consacre plusieurs portraits. </p><p><strong>Ces &#339;uvres t&#233;moignent de l'influence exceptionnelle de Sarah Bernhardt dans le monde artistique de la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong><span>7. Toulouse-Lautrec : un nouveau regard sur les femmes</span></strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic" width="492" height="380.8658823529412" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:658,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:492,&quot;bytes&quot;:103141,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/205135171?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BGEE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F791c53d4-963d-423a-80af-b2cc5dd048f3_850x658.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Seule, 1896</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec fr&#233;quente assid&#251;ment les cabarets et maisons closes de Montmartre.</span></p><p><span>Contrairement &#224; de nombreux artistes de son &#233;poque, il ne cherche ni &#224; id&#233;aliser ni &#224; condamner les femmes qu&#8217;il repr&#233;sente. Il montre leur quotidien avec beaucoup d&#8217;humanit&#233; : fatigue, solitude, solidarit&#233; entre elles, moments d&#8217;attente ou de repos.</span></p><p><span>Les visages marqu&#233;s, les cernes et les attitudes naturelles traduisent une profonde empathie. </span><strong><span>Son &#339;uvre ouvre la voie &#224; une repr&#233;sentation plus r&#233;aliste et plus respectueuse des femmes, d&#233;barrass&#233;e des grands id&#233;aux ou des jugements moraux.</span></strong></p><div><hr></div><p>Si vous souhaitez approfondir vos connaissances en histoire de l&#8217;art, j&#8217;ai r&#233;cemment lanc&#233; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour se cultiver en histoire de l&#8217;art </strong>&#187;.</p><p>Chaque jour, vous d&#233;couvrez une &#339;uvre majeure, son contexte historique, ses secrets de composition et les cl&#233;s n&#233;cessaires pour mieux la comprendre.</p><p>Le tarif actuel est un tarif de lancement, donc le prix va augmenter. </p><p>&#128073; <strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/">Cliquez ici pour profiter du tarif actuel.</a></strong></p><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p>P.S : Vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de <strong>-10% sur toutes ces exp&#233;riences</strong> avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[L'histoire du style qui sublime Paris 💖]]></title><description><![CDATA[Des bouches de m&#233;tro aux immeubles iconiques, d&#233;couvrez l'Art nouveau.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lhistoire-du-style-qui-sublime-paris</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lhistoire-du-style-qui-sublime-paris</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 27 Jun 2026 05:00:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</span></p><p><span>Dans cette &#233;dition, j&#8217;ai d&#233;cid&#233; de vous parler d&#8217;un style artistique que vous connaissez forc&#233;ment. </span></p><p>C&#8217;est l&#8217;un des styles les plus embl&#233;matiques de Paris, celui qui habille ses fa&#231;ades, ses balcons et m&#234;me les c&#233;l&#232;bres bouches de m&#233;tro que vous croisez en vous promenant dans la capitale.&#128071;&#127995;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic" width="1300" height="618" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:618,&quot;width&quot;:1300,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:245785,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Bsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1f01864-bb65-4804-bf6b-41ffceb08dd1_1300x618.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Vous avez trouv&#233; ?</p><p><span>Il s'appelle l'</span><strong><span>Art nouveau.</span></strong></p><p><span>Pour cette lettre, j&#8217;ai eu envie de vous faire d&#233;couvrir ce mouvement artistique qui a marqu&#233; la Belle &#201;poque, cette p&#233;riode de progr&#232;s, d&#8217;innovations et de raffinement qui s&#8217;&#233;tend de la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle jusqu&#8217;au d&#233;but de la Premi&#232;re Guerre mondiale, en 1914.</span></p><p><strong><span>Au programme :</span></strong></p><ol><li><p><strong><span>Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;Art nouveau ?</span></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Pourquoi est-il n&#233; &#224; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle ?</span></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Les cinq artistes incontournables de l&#8217;Art Nouveau</span></strong></p><div><hr></div></li></ol><h3><strong><span>Un bon pr&#233;texte pour le d&#233;couvrir &#8220;en vrai&#8221; &#127872;</span></strong></h3><p><span>Si le sujet vous donne envie d&#8217;aller plus loin, le </span><strong><a href="https://mudo.oise.fr"><span>MUDO&#8211;Mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Oise</span></a></strong><span>, &#224; Beauvais, organise un </span><strong><span>Bal Belle &#201;poque</span></strong><span> le </span><strong><span>4 juillet &#224; 19h00 et 21h00</span></strong><span>, ainsi que des </span><strong><span>visites chant&#233;es</span></strong><span> le </span><strong><span>5 juillet</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Ces animations sont </span><strong><span>gratuites</span></strong><span>, sur r&#233;servation : </span><strong><span>mediation@mudo.oise.fr</span></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mudo.oise.fr/fileadmin/Prog._culturel/Flyer_A5_MEMENT_O_MUDO_2026_WEB.pdf&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;D&#233;couvrir le programme&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mudo.oise.fr/fileadmin/Prog._culturel/Flyer_A5_MEMENT_O_MUDO_2026_WEB.pdf"><span>D&#233;couvrir le programme</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span>Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;Art nouveau ?</span></strong></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic" width="1456" height="824" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:824,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:459811,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97d61ecc-9a66-41f7-9677-5620868e5952_1466x830.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La Coupole des Galeries Lafayette</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>N&#233; en </span><strong><span>Belgique &#224; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle</span></strong><span>, il se diffuse rapidement en France puis dans toute l&#8217;Europe. Son objectif est clair : rompre avec les styles du pass&#233; et inventer un langage nouveau, en phase avec son &#233;poque. </span></p><p><span>Les artistes ne veulent plus copier les formes de la Renaissance, du Moyen &#194;ge ou du classicisme. Ils observent d&#233;sormais la nature, devenue leur plus grande source d&#8217;inspiration.</span></p><p><strong><span>Fleurs, feuilles, insectes, arbres, algues ou encore libellules</span></strong><span> envahissent les</span><strong><span> fa&#231;ades, les meubles, les vitraux et les objets du quotidien.</span></strong><span> Les lignes droites s&#8217;effacent au profit de courbes souples qui donnent l&#8217;impression que les b&#226;timents et les meubles sont vivants.</span></p><p><span>Mais l&#8217;Art nouveau ne se r&#233;sume pas &#224; des d&#233;cors v&#233;g&#233;taux. Son ambition est bien plus grande : </span><strong><span>faire entrer l&#8217;art dans tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Architecture, mobilier, verrerie, ferronnerie, c&#233;ramique, peinture, sculpture, affiches&#8230; toutes les disciplines dialoguent entre elles. Une maison enti&#232;re peut &#234;tre pens&#233;e comme une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art o&#249; jusqu&#8217;&#224; la poign&#233;e de porte est dessin&#233;e sp&#233;cialement pour s&#8217;int&#233;grer &#224; l&#8217;ensemble. C&#8217;est ce que les artistes appellent </span><strong><span>l&#8217;&#339;uvre d&#8217;art totale</span></strong><span>, r&#233;sum&#233;e par une devise : </span><strong><span>&#171; un art dans tout et un art pour tous &#187;</span></strong><span>.</span></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span>Pourquoi est-il n&#233; &#224; la fin du XIX&#7497; si&#232;cle ?</span></strong></h3><p><span>Pour comprendre l&#8217;Art nouveau, il faut revenir &#224; la fin des ann&#233;es 1800.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;Europe est alors en pleine r&#233;volution industrielle. Les villes grandissent, les usines fabriquent des objets en s&#233;rie et les styles anciens sont reproduits &#224; l&#8217;infini. Beaucoup d&#8217;artistes estiment que l&#8217;on a perdu le go&#251;t du beau au profit de la production de masse.</span></p><p><span>Ils d&#233;cident alors de repartir d&#8217;une feuille blanche.</span></p><p><span>Inspir&#233;s par le mouvement britannique </span><strong><span>Arts &amp; Crafts</span></strong><span>, ils souhaitent r&#233;concilier l&#8217;art, l&#8217;artisanat et l&#8217;industrie. Leur objectif n&#8217;est pas de revenir en arri&#232;re, mais d&#8217;utiliser les techniques modernes pour produire des objets aussi beaux qu&#8217;utiles. Le beau ne doit plus &#234;tre r&#233;serv&#233; aux mus&#233;es : il doit entrer dans les maisons et accompagner le quotidien de chacun.</span></p><p><span>En France, le mouvement trouve un formidable relais gr&#226;ce &#224; </span><strong><span>&#201;mile Gall&#233;</span></strong><span> et &#224; l&#8217;&#201;cole de Nancy, tandis qu&#8217;en Belgique des cr&#233;ateurs comme Victor Horta ou Gustave Serrurier-Bovy participent &#224; son essor. L&#8217;ouverture, en 1895, de la galerie </span><strong><span>Maison de l&#8217;Art nouveau</span></strong><span> de Samuel Bing &#224; Paris contribue &#233;galement &#224; populariser le nom du mouvement.</span></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span>Les cinq artistes incontournables de l&#8217;Art nouveau</span></strong></h3><p><span>Le </span><strong><a href="https://mudo.oise.fr"><span>MUDO-Mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Oise</span></a></strong><span> met &#224; l&#8217;honneur cette p&#233;riode foisonnante &#224; travers cinq artistes qui incarnent chacun une facette de l&#8217;Art nouveau.</span></p><h4><strong><span>&#201;mile Gall&#233;, le po&#232;te du verre</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic" width="465" height="354.66101694915255" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:944,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:465,&quot;bytes&quot;:68560,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sxQI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bfd1396-3abd-4373-9770-fa8e81b838c7_944x720.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Figure incontournable de l&#8217;Art nouveau fran&#231;ais et fondateur de l&#8217;&#201;cole de Nancy, &#201;mile Gall&#233; est consid&#233;r&#233; comme l&#8217;un des plus grands ma&#238;tres verriers de son &#233;poque. </span></p><p><span>Passionn&#233; de botanique, il puise son inspiration dans la nature, qu&#8217;il retranscrit avec une ma&#238;trise exceptionnelle du verre grav&#233;, souffl&#233;, dor&#233; et &#233;maill&#233;. Chez lui, chaque cr&#233;ation raconte une histoire : il parlait d&#8217;ailleurs de </span><strong><span>&#171; verreries parlantes &#187;</span></strong><span>, o&#249; les formes, les couleurs et les inscriptions donnent un v&#233;ritable sens &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre.</span></p><p><span>Au MUDO, vous pourrez admirer le </span><strong><span>vase aux poissons</span></strong><span>, ainsi qu&#8217;un </span><strong><span>vase ovo&#239;de</span></strong><span> de 1902 offert au c&#233;l&#232;bre c&#233;ramiste beauvaisien Auguste Delaherche. </span></p><p><span>Ce dernier constitue un v&#233;ritable hommage &#224; son ami : Gall&#233; reprend la silhouette caract&#233;ristique des gr&#232;s de Delaherche et joue avec la transparence du verre en y int&#233;grant de fines coul&#233;es vert p&#226;le qui &#233;voquent les c&#233;l&#232;bres &#233;maux du c&#233;ramiste. Un bel exemple du dialogue artistique qui unissait les deux hommes.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, l&#8217;art de vivre</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg" width="476" height="357" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:750,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:476,&quot;bytes&quot;:182135,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92380802-1eb2-4250-b64e-d8d51e1f680c_1000x750.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG5J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac8f40f7-e698-4a7f-b159-75653e10e214_1000x750.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, Ensemble mobilier : Salle &#224; manger d&#8217;Albert Bauwens, 1896-1900 &#169; MUDO-Mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Oise, Luc Boegly </figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Architecte et d&#233;corateur belge, Gustave Serrurier-Bovy est l&#8217;un des pionniers de l&#8217;Art nouveau. Apr&#232;s avoir d&#233;couvert en Angleterre le mouvement </span><strong><span>Arts &amp; Crafts</span></strong><span>, il d&#233;fend l&#8217;id&#233;e qu&#8217;une maison doit &#234;tre pens&#233;e comme un ensemble harmonieux o&#249; chaque meuble dialogue avec les autres.  </span></p><p><span>La spectaculaire salle &#224; manger command&#233;e par l&#8217;avocat bruxellois Albert Bauwens illustre parfaitement cette philosophie. Table, chaises, vaisselier et desserte reprennent les m&#234;mes lignes courbes et les m&#234;mes motifs v&#233;g&#233;taux. Les feuilles d&#8217;acanthe sculpt&#233;es, les montants d&#233;licatement incurv&#233;s ou encore les carreaux en gr&#232;s &#233;maill&#233; composent un d&#233;cor d&#8217;une remarquable &#233;l&#233;gance. </span></p><h4><strong><span>Henri Bellery-Desfontaines, l&#8217;&#339;uvre d&#8217;art totale</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic" width="554" height="496.384" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:896,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:554,&quot;bytes&quot;:222945,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2wF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fadb783-af56-4647-9670-69699844d10b_1000x896.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Henri Bellery-Desfontaines, Ensemble mobilier : Salle &#224; manger du Docteur d&#8217;Herb&#233;court, 1909-1911 &#169; MUDO-Mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Oise, Luc Boegly</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Peintre, d&#233;corateur et architecte, Henri Bellery-Desfontaines incarne parfaitement l&#8217;id&#233;al de l&#8217;Art nouveau : abolir les fronti&#232;res entre les disciplines artistiques. Pour lui, mobilier, peinture, sculpture, architecture ou verrerie doivent former un seul et m&#234;me ensemble.</span></p><p><span>Cette vision prend vie dans la salle &#224; manger r&#233;alis&#233;e pour le docteur Jean d&#8217;Herb&#233;court entre 1909 et 1911. Boiseries sculpt&#233;es, mobilier, vitraux, chemin&#233;e et d&#233;cors peints dialoguent dans une harmonie inspir&#233;e de la nature. Au-dessus de la chemin&#233;e figure une maxime pleine d&#8217;humour : </span><strong><span>&#171; Mieux vaut courir &#224; la miche qu&#8217;au m&#233;decin &#187;</span></strong><span>, clin d&#8217;&#339;il &#224; la profession du commanditaire. </span></p><p><span>Rest&#233; inachev&#233; apr&#232;s la mort de Bellery-Desfontaines, cet ensemble est aujourd&#8217;hui consid&#233;r&#233; comme l&#8217;un des derniers grands d&#233;cors de l&#8217;Art nouveau avant l&#8217;av&#232;nement de l&#8217;Art d&#233;co.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Agathon L&#233;onard, le sculpteur du mouvement</span></strong></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic" width="360" height="451.8881118881119" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:718,&quot;width&quot;:572,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:360,&quot;bytes&quot;:40426,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GJrK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae39b9ae-8d66-4cd9-8b76-a72285038bc5_572x718.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Le sculpteur Agathon L&#233;onard est pass&#233; &#224; la post&#233;rit&#233; gr&#226;ce &#224; son c&#233;l&#232;bre </span><strong><span>Jeu de l&#8217;&#233;charpe</span></strong><span>, un ensemble de quinze danseuses pr&#233;sent&#233; lors de l&#8217;Exposition universelle de 1900.</span></p><p><span>Inspir&#233;es des chor&#233;graphies de la danseuse Lo&#239;e Fuller, ces figures f&#233;minines semblent capturer le mouvement au moment pr&#233;cis o&#249; leurs voiles s&#8217;envolent. Le succ&#232;s est imm&#233;diat : l&#8217;ensemble est offert au tsar Nicolas II d&#232;s 1901, puis rapidement reproduit et diffus&#233; par la Manufacture nationale de S&#232;vres.  </span></p><h3><strong><span>Antonio de La Gandara, le portraitiste de la Belle &#201;poque</span></strong></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic" width="511" height="394.5922897196262" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:661,&quot;width&quot;:856,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:511,&quot;bytes&quot;:101890,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/203785233?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBtQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd658f8c9-e52f-4e47-ac78-f61ca7e287fd_856x661.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Si l&#8217;Art nouveau est souvent associ&#233; au mobilier ou &#224; l&#8217;architecture, il s&#8217;exprime aussi &#224; travers la peinture. Antonio de La Gandara devient l&#8217;un des portraitistes les plus recherch&#233;s de la Belle &#201;poque, immortalisant les grandes figures du monde litt&#233;raire, artistique et mondain.</span></p><p><span>Parmi elles figurent notamment la comtesse </span><strong><span>Anna de Noailles</span></strong><span> ou l&#8217;actrice </span><strong><span>Madeleine Morlay</span></strong><span>. Ses portraits nous permettent aujourd&#8217;hui de mieux comprendre les codes esth&#233;tiques, la mode et l&#8217;art de vivre de cette p&#233;riode o&#249; l&#8217;Art nouveau rayonnait dans toute l&#8217;Europe.</span></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span>Envie d&#8217;en voir plus ?</span></strong></h3><p><span>Ces cinq artistes ne sont qu&#8217;un aper&#231;u de la richesse de l&#8217;Art nouveau.</span></p><p><span>Leurs &#339;uvres sont &#224; d&#233;couvrir au </span><strong><a href="https://mudo.oise.fr"><span>MUDO-Mus&#233;e de l&#8217;Oise</span></a></strong><span> &#224; Beauvais.</span></p><p><span>Et pour vivre pleinement l&#8217;esprit de la Belle &#201;poque, le mus&#233;e organise un </span><strong><span>Bal Belle &#201;poque</span></strong><span> le </span><strong><span>4 juillet</span></strong><span> &#224; 19 h et 21 h, ainsi que des </span><strong><span>visites chant&#233;es</span></strong><span> le </span><strong><span>5 juillet</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p>Ces &#233;v&#233;nements sont <strong>gratuits</strong>, sur r&#233;servation &#224; l&#8217;adresse suivante :  <strong>mediation@mudo.oise.fr </strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mudo.oise.fr/fileadmin/Prog._culturel/Flyer_A5_MEMENT_O_MUDO_2026_WEB.pdf&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;D&#233;couvrir le programme&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mudo.oise.fr/fileadmin/Prog._culturel/Flyer_A5_MEMENT_O_MUDO_2026_WEB.pdf"><span>D&#233;couvrir le programme</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[8 œuvres qui ont fait scandale 😱]]></title><description><![CDATA[Courbet, Manet, Degas...]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/8-uvres-qui-ont-fait-scandale</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/8-uvres-qui-ont-fait-scandale</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 05:00:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui admir&#233;es dans les plus grands mus&#233;es, certaines &#339;uvres ont pourtant suscit&#233; l&#8217;indignation, les moqueries ou m&#234;me la col&#232;re lors de leur pr&#233;sentation au public.</p><p>Retour sur <strong>huit chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre qui ont boulevers&#233; les codes de leur temps</strong>. &#127872;</p><div><hr></div><h3>1. Cl&#233;singer et le scandale du moulage </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic" width="850" height="606" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/de15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:606,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:35456,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTN6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde15a697-cf97-4958-9682-ebd7b41d96ac_850x606.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Auguste Cl&#233;singer, Femme piqu&#233;e par un serpent, 1847</figcaption></figure></div><p>En 1847, le sculpteur Auguste Cl&#233;singer pr&#233;sente <em>Femme piqu&#233;e par un serpent</em>. Le public est stup&#233;fait par le r&#233;alisme du corps f&#233;minin.  </p><p>&#192; l&#8217;&#233;poque, une accusation grave circule : Cl&#233;singer aurait utilis&#233; un moulage direct du corps de son mod&#232;le plut&#244;t que de sculpter lui-m&#234;me les formes. Pour les d&#233;fenseurs de la tradition acad&#233;mique, le moulage sur nature est consid&#233;r&#233; comme une tricherie, presque une insulte au g&#233;nie du sculpteur.</p><p>Cette pol&#233;mique est d&#8217;autant plus vive que le p&#232;re de Cl&#233;singer pratiquait lui-m&#234;me cette technique.  </p><p>Cl&#233;singer se d&#233;fend et affirme que son &#339;uvre ne se r&#233;sume pas &#224; un simple moulage.</p><blockquote><p>Le mod&#232;le n&#8217;est autre qu&#8217;Apollonie Sabatier, c&#233;l&#232;bre figure du Paris artistique. Intelligente, cultiv&#233;e, fr&#233;quentant les &#233;crivains, les artistes et les hommes influents de son &#233;poque, elle appartient &#224; ce que l&#8217;on appelle alors le &#171; demi-monde &#187;. Muse de nombreux cr&#233;ateurs, elle pose &#233;galement pour Courbet.</p></blockquote><h3>2. <em>Le Fifre</em> : quand la simplicit&#233; devient une provocation</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic" width="309" height="526.3527054108216" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:499,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:309,&quot;bytes&quot;:48211,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BAD1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87dc551c-48ed-483a-bfb3-3dcfd698530c_499x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edouard Manet, Le Fifre, 1866</figcaption></figure></div><p>Apr&#232;s un voyage en Espagne, Manet d&#233;couvre avec admiration Vel&#225;zquez et Goya. &#192; son retour, il cherche &#224; renouveler la peinture fran&#231;aise.</p><p><em>Le Fifre</em> repr&#233;sente un jeune musicien militaire sur un fond presque vide.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, l&#8217;&#339;uvre para&#238;t sobre. &#192; l&#8217;&#233;poque, elle choque par sa simplicit&#233;.</p><p>Les critiques consid&#232;rent que la figure flotte dans l&#8217;espace. Les d&#233;tails sont r&#233;duits au minimum. Les effets de profondeur disparaissent.</p><p>Certains journalistes tournent m&#234;me le tableau en ridicule en le comparant &#224; une simple carte &#224; jouer. Au XIXe si&#232;cle, ce n&#8217;est pas un compliment.</p><h3>3. <em>L&#8217;Atelier du peintre</em> : Courbet d&#233;fie le syst&#232;me</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic" width="850" height="504" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:504,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:69981,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MZT3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9933196f-c315-4d3f-bfe2-89417d7c5433_850x504.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Gustave Courbet, L&#8217;Atelier du peintre, Entre 1854 et 1855</figcaption></figure></div><p>Avec <em>L&#8217;Atelier du peintre</em>, Courbet provoque un scandale d&#8217;une autre nature.</p><p>L&#8217;artiste choisit un immense format habituellement r&#233;serv&#233; &#224; la peinture d&#8217;histoire, le genre le plus noble de l&#8217;Acad&#233;mie. Mais au lieu de repr&#233;senter un &#233;pisode h&#233;ro&#239;que ou religieux, il peint son propre univers.</p><p>Au centre, Courbet travaille devant son chevalet. &#192; droite figurent ses amis, soutiens et admirateurs. &#192; gauche, au contraire, il montre ce qu&#8217;il critique dans la soci&#233;t&#233; : la pauvret&#233;, la mis&#232;re, les rapports d&#8217;argent, les puissants, les exploiteurs, et m&#234;me une possible allusion &#224; Napol&#233;on III, que Courbet d&#233;teste.</p><p>Refus&#233; &#224; l&#8217;Exposition universelle de 1855, Courbet finance sa propre exposition personnelle &#224; c&#244;t&#233; de l&#8217;&#233;v&#233;nement officiel. </p><h3>4. <em>La Danse</em> de Carpeaux : le scandale de la fa&#231;ade de l&#8217;Op&#233;ra</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic" width="333" height="515.5737704918033" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:549,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:333,&quot;bytes&quot;:105733,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNhp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad631c54-a7bb-47ec-ada6-f5a5501c1267_549x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, La Danse, 1869</figcaption></figure></div><p>Lorsque Charles Garnier commande &#224; Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux un groupe sculpt&#233; pour la fa&#231;ade du nouvel Op&#233;ra de Paris, personne n&#8217;imagine l&#8217;ampleur de la controverse.</p><p>Le sujet semble pourtant inoffensif : une all&#233;gorie de la danse inspir&#233;e de la mythologie.</p><p>Mais lorsque la sculpture est d&#233;voil&#233;e en 1869, le public s&#8217;indigne. Les danseuses apparaissent exalt&#233;es, emport&#233;es par le mouvement. Certains critiques les d&#233;crivent comme hyst&#233;riques ou ivres.</p><p>Une nuit, un inconnu jette un flacon d&#8217;encre sur la sculpture.</p><p>L&#8217;affaire devient nationale. Des chimistes sont sollicit&#233;s pour effacer les traces. Des photographies de la statue souill&#233;e circulent. Des visiteurs viennent sp&#233;cialement voir la fameuse tache.</p><p>Garnier tente de m&#233;nager tout le monde. Il envisage m&#234;me un remplacement.</p><p>Puis surviennent la guerre de 1870 et les bouleversements politiques. Lorsque l&#8217;Op&#233;ra est finalement inaugur&#233; en 1875, Carpeaux est mort. La pol&#233;mique s&#8217;est &#233;teinte et l&#8217;&#339;uvre reste en place.</p><h3>5. <em>Olympia</em> : Manet fait exploser les r&#232;gles du nu</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic" width="850" height="579" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:579,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89254,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O2CC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd909ffb2-0cf8-45ab-b28b-d50613b1e8c8_850x579.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863</figcaption></figure></div><p>Lorsque <em>Olympia</em> est pr&#233;sent&#233;e au Salon de 1865, le scandale est imm&#233;diat.</p><p>&#192; premi&#232;re vue, le sujet n&#8217;a pourtant rien d&#8217;exceptionnel : les nus f&#233;minins sont fr&#233;quents dans la peinture. Mais Manet brise toutes les r&#232;gles.</p><p>D&#8217;abord, il ne repr&#233;sente pas une d&#233;esse ou une figure mythologique, mais une femme bien r&#233;elle. Les visiteurs reconnaissent les traits de Victorine Meurent, mod&#232;le c&#233;l&#232;bre de Manet. Son identit&#233; rend l&#8217;&#339;uvre beaucoup plus d&#233;rangeante qu&#8217;un nu id&#233;alis&#233;.</p><p>Ensuite, son corps n&#8217;est pas embelli. Manet montre une femme telle qu&#8217;elle est, avec ses imperfections.  </p><p>Enfin, Olympia ne para&#238;t ni timide ni soumise. Allong&#233;e sur son lit, elle fixe le spectateur avec assurance, comme si elle ma&#238;trisait enti&#232;rement la situation.</p><p>La peinture elle-m&#234;me choque &#233;galement. Les ombres sont tr&#232;s marqu&#233;es, les contours abrupts et les coups de pinceau visibles. Beaucoup y voient une &#339;uvre mal peinte alors que Manet cherche pr&#233;cis&#233;ment &#224; rompre avec les conventions acad&#233;miques.</p><p>Les r&#233;actions sont si hostiles qu&#8217;un petit groupe d&#8217;admirateurs se relaie pour prot&#233;ger le tableau des visiteurs agressifs. Parmi eux figure un jeune Georges Clemenceau.</p><h3>6. La Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans : l&#8217;&#233;tranget&#233; selon Degas</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic" width="358" height="500.49342105263156" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:608,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:358,&quot;bytes&quot;:69817,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ze41!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe98e91af-a463-4827-b1fb-61fd962fb47d_608x850.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edgar Degas, Petite danseuse de quatorze ans, Entre 1921 et 1931</figcaption></figure></div><p>Lorsque Degas expose sa <em>Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans</em> en 1881, les visiteurs ne savent pas comment r&#233;agir.</p><p>La sculpture est en cire. Elle porte de vrais v&#234;tements. Un v&#233;ritable ruban entoure ses cheveux.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;&#233;poque, les sculptures sont g&#233;n&#233;ralement r&#233;alis&#233;es en marbre ou en bronze. Les figures de cire appartiennent plut&#244;t aux mus&#233;es anatomiques ou aux cabinets de curiosit&#233;s.</p><p>Degas brouille toutes les cat&#233;gories.</p><p>Le malaise est renforc&#233; par la pr&#233;sentation. La jeune danseuse est expos&#233;e dans une vitrine, comme un sp&#233;cimen. Certains critiques lui trouvent m&#234;me des traits inqui&#233;tants, presque criminels.</p><p>Le contexte social joue &#233;galement un r&#244;le. Les jeunes danseuses de l&#8217;Op&#233;ra vivent souvent dans une grande pr&#233;carit&#233; et d&#233;pendent de protecteurs fortun&#233;s. Certaines sombrent dans la prostitution.</p><p>Degas ne montre pas une h&#233;ro&#239;ne id&#233;alis&#233;e. Il repr&#233;sente une adolescente vuln&#233;rable, confront&#233;e &#224; un monde difficile. C&#8217;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment cette v&#233;rit&#233; qui d&#233;range.</p><h3>7. <em>L&#8217;Origine du monde</em> : le tableau scandaleux que presque personne ne voyait</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic" width="850" height="702" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:702,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:63583,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B0rr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F320c92f8-1495-4657-b2ba-fa3d275140a7_850x702.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Gustave Courbet, L&#8217;Origine du monde, 1866</figcaption></figure></div><p>Paradoxalement, le tableau choque avant m&#234;me d&#8217;&#234;tre vu par le grand public. R&#233;alis&#233; en 1866 pour le diplomate ottoman Khalil-Bey, grand collectionneur et c&#233;l&#232;bre s&#233;ducteur, il repr&#233;sente le sexe d&#8217;une femme allong&#233;e.</p><p>L&#8217;&#339;uvre reste cach&#233;e pendant des d&#233;cennies. Son propri&#233;taire la montre seulement &#224; quelques invit&#233;s privil&#233;gi&#233;s. </p><blockquote><p>L&#8217;identit&#233; du mod&#232;le reste d&#233;battue. L&#8217;hypoth&#232;se la plus souvent avanc&#233;e aujourd&#8217;hui est celle de Constance Qu&#233;niaux, ancienne danseuse de l&#8217;Op&#233;ra devenue ma&#238;tresse de Khalil-Bey.</p></blockquote><p>Apr&#232;s avoir ruin&#233; sa fortune dans le jeu, Khalil-Bey revend sa collection. Le tableau conna&#238;t ensuite une histoire rocambolesque : il passe notamment par la collection d&#8217;un amateur hongrois juif contraint de fuir son pays. Sa collection est confisqu&#233;e pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale avant d&#8217;&#234;tre partiellement retrouv&#233;e.</p><p>Au XXe si&#232;cle, l&#8217;&#339;uvre appartient finalement au psychanalyste Jacques Lacan qui continue de la cacher derri&#232;re un autre tableau.  </p><p>Lorsque le mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay r&#233;cup&#232;re l&#8217;&#339;uvre en 1995, les d&#233;bats ressurgissent. Certaines personnes trouvent qu&#8217;il est inadmissible de l&#8217;exposer dans une salle. Plus d&#8217;un si&#232;cle apr&#232;s sa cr&#233;ation, le tableau continue de d&#233;ranger.</p><h3>8. <em>Le D&#233;jeuner sur l&#8217;herbe</em> : le scandale du Salon des Refus&#233;s</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic" width="850" height="664" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:664,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97504,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/201927827?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkqR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302325b9-e215-4506-b8fe-4aa085baaf5f_850x664.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Edouard Manet, Le D&#233;jeuner sur l&#8217;herbe, 1863</figcaption></figure></div><p>Pr&#233;sent&#233; au Salon des Refus&#233;s en 1863, <em>Le D&#233;jeuner sur l&#8217;herbe</em> suscite imm&#233;diatement les moqueries et l&#8217;indignation.</p><p>Le public est d&#8217;abord surpris par le sujet : une femme nue est assise aupr&#232;s de deux hommes habill&#233;s selon la mode contemporaine. </p><p>Les critiques s&#8217;attaquent &#233;galement &#224; la technique de Manet. La perspective para&#238;t maladroite, notamment avec la baigneuse &#224; l&#8217;arri&#232;re-plan dont les proportions semblent incoh&#233;rentes. </p><p>Enfin, les amateurs d&#8217;art reconnaissent imm&#233;diatement une r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; une gravure de Marcantonio Raimondi inspir&#233;e d&#8217;une composition de Rapha&#235;l. Pour eux, le scandale est aussi l&#224; : comment Manet ose-t-il reprendre un mod&#232;le issu de la grande tradition de la Renaissance pour en faire une sc&#232;ne moderne aussi d&#233;routante ?</p><div><hr></div><p>Si vous souhaitez approfondir vos connaissances en histoire de l&#8217;art, j&#8217;ai r&#233;cemment lanc&#233; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour se cultiver en histoire de l&#8217;art </strong>&#187;.</p><p>Chaque jour, vous d&#233;couvrez une &#339;uvre majeure, son contexte historique, ses secrets de composition et les cl&#233;s n&#233;cessaires pour mieux la comprendre.</p><p>Le tarif actuel est un tarif de lancement, donc le prix va augmenter. </p><p>&#128073; <strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/">Cliquez ici pour profiter du tarif actuel.</a></strong></p><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p>P.S : Vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de <strong>-10% sur toutes ces exp&#233;riences</strong> avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[L'art comme propagande : Napoléon traversant les Alpes, David 🇫🇷]]></title><description><![CDATA[Comment Jacques-Louis David a fa&#231;onn&#233; le mythe napol&#233;onien ?]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lart-comme-propagande-napoleon-traversant</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lart-comme-propagande-napoleon-traversant</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 06 Jun 2026 14:34:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</p><p>Que voyons-nous r&#233;ellement lorsque nous regardons une &#339;uvre d&#8217;art historique ? <strong>Une sc&#232;ne fid&#232;le &#224; la r&#233;alit&#233; ou une histoire soigneusement construite pour influencer notre perception ?</strong></p><p>L&#8217;un des tableaux les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres au monde, <em>Napol&#233;on franchissant les Alpes</em> de Jacques-Louis David, apporte une r&#233;ponse &#224; cette question. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic" width="418" height="487.5121951219512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1052,&quot;width&quot;:902,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:418,&quot;bytes&quot;:151749,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6be261-ec2c-4167-9f54-5b90e6779438_902x1052.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacques-Louis David, <em>Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes au Grand Saint-Bernard</em>, 1800</figcaption></figure></div><p>Derri&#232;re cette image h&#233;ro&#239;que se cache une r&#233;flexion toujours actuelle sur le pouvoir des images, la communication politique et la fabrication des mythes.</p><p><strong>Au programme de cette lettre : </strong></p><ul><li><p>Jacques-Louis David, l&#8217;artiste du pouvoir</p></li><li><p>Un r&#233;volutionnaire au service de l&#8217;empire</p></li><li><p>Le mensonge le plus c&#233;l&#232;bre de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art</p></li><li><p>La m&#233;canique de la persuasion</p></li><li><p>L&#8217;exil du peintre du pouvoir</p></li><li><p>Pourquoi cette &#339;uvre nous parle encore aujourd&#8217;hui ?</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Jacques-Louis David, l&#8217;artiste du pouvoir</strong></h3><p>Pour comprendre le tableau <em>Napol&#233;on franchissant les Alpes</em>, il faut d&#8217;abord comprendre David lui-m&#234;me. N&#233; en 1748 dans une famille parisienne ais&#233;e, il perd son p&#232;re &#224; neuf ans, lors d&#8217;un duel au pistolet. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic" width="324" height="454.95" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1348,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:324,&quot;bytes&quot;:336729,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YwzE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8556c2a3-ddfd-41b6-ac06-7787897dcf3f_960x1348.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacques-Louis David, <em>Portrait de l'artiste</em>, 1794</figcaption></figure></div><p>Jeune homme, il en livre un lui-m&#234;me, &#224; l&#8217;&#233;p&#233;e cette fois, et en garde une cicatrice sur la joue et un trouble de l&#8217;&#233;locution pour le reste de sa vie. </p><p>On peut voir dans cet &#233;pisode l'un des premiers indices d'une personnalit&#233; qui ne se contentera jamais d'observer son &#233;poque, mais cherchera au contraire &#224; la fa&#231;onner, par la peinture comme par l'engagement politique.</p><p>Jacques-Louis David n&#8217;est pas seulement un peintre talentueux. Il est l&#8217;un des artistes les plus influents de son &#233;poque et un acteur engag&#233; des bouleversements politiques qui secouent la France &#224; la fin du XVIIIe si&#232;cle. </p><p>Il &#233;tudie sous Joseph-Marie Vien, peintre classique qui lui transmet le go&#251;t de la clart&#233; morale et des th&#232;mes historiques. Mais c&#8217;est Rome, o&#249; il s&#233;journe apr&#232;s avoir remport&#233; le Prix de Rome en 1774, qui le transforme. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic" width="621" height="299.6164948453608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:468,&quot;width&quot;:970,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:621,&quot;bytes&quot;:111151,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCkK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd40b6f6-fcb1-4196-8e8c-4fc0e88420f1_970x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il arrive avec les couleurs pastel et la sensualit&#233; du rococo. Il en repart classiciste, convaincu que la peinture peut servir la politique autant que la beaut&#233;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic" width="1366" height="468" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:468,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:125966,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xm7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7042cc5-8fa9-4952-910f-4d2e1132211e_1366x468.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il &#233;tudie l&#8217;Apollon du Belv&#233;d&#232;re, le Laocoon et les frises de l&#8217;Ara Pacis. </p><p>Il d&#233;couvre aussi Caravage, et cette rencontre trans-si&#232;cle est d&#233;cisive : comme Caravage avait renvers&#233; le mani&#233;risme, David renverse le rococo. Il en h&#233;rite la ma&#238;trise du clair-obscur, la th&#233;&#226;tralit&#233;, la capacit&#233; &#224; comprimer tout le drame d&#8217;une sc&#232;ne dans un seul instant suspendu.</p><p>Son ambition d&#233;passe cependant la simple recherche esth&#233;tique. Il est convaincu que l&#8217;art peut transformer les comportements, transmettre des valeurs et orienter les opinions. </p><p>Ses tableaux deviennent progressivement des instruments de persuasion. </p><p>&#192; son retour &#224; Paris, David s&#8217;impose rapidement comme le chef de file du n&#233;oclassicisme. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic" width="413" height="320.2451923076923" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1129,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:413,&quot;bytes&quot;:412538,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-jdb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c669a07-953d-4f3a-b7ca-8ba674ba20cd_1920x1489.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacques-Louis David, <em>Le Serment des Horaces,</em> 1784</figcaption></figure></div><p>Avec <em>Le Serment des Horaces</em>, command&#233; en 1784 par le gouvernement de Louis XVI, il c&#233;l&#232;bre le sacrifice des int&#233;r&#234;ts personnels au profit du bien commun et du devoir envers la cit&#233;.</p><p>De Robespierre &#224; Napol&#233;on, David gravite toujours autour des m&#234;mes figures : celles qui tiennent debout quand tout s'effondre autour d'elles.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Un r&#233;volutionnaire au service de l'empire</h3><p>La R&#233;volution fran&#231;aise fait de David bien plus qu&#8217;un peintre. Il en est l&#8217;un des acteurs les plus radicaux. Il vote la mort du roi. Il cosigne des centaines de mandats d&#8217;arr&#234;t, dont certains visent d&#8217;anciens amis et m&#233;c&#232;nes. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic" width="322" height="414.3234375" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1647,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:322,&quot;bytes&quot;:406934,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4clt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F902fa32e-ee87-4797-b46c-182379f9f999_1280x1647.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacques-Louis David, <em>Marat assassin&#233;</em>, 1793</figcaption></figure></div><p>En 1793, il glorifie Marat assassin&#233;, faisant du g&#233;niteur des massacres de Septembre un martyr h&#233;ro&#239;que. La lumi&#232;re qui tombe sur le corps est la m&#234;me que celle que Caravage r&#233;servait &#224; ses saints : froide, pr&#233;cise et sacralisante.</p><p>La chute de Robespierre en 1794 le conduit en prison. Son ex-femme Charlotte, fille d&#8217;une famille royaliste mod&#233;r&#233;e, intervient pour obtenir sa lib&#233;ration. Le couple se remarie en 1796.</p><p>Puis vient Napol&#233;on. David transf&#232;re &#224; l&#8217;empire la m&#234;me foi mystique qu&#8217;il avait plac&#233;e dans la r&#233;volution. Il ne change pas de conviction : il change d&#8217;idole. </p><p>Et quand Charles IV d&#8217;Espagne commande &#224; David, &#224; la suite de la victoire de Marengo, un portrait de Napol&#233;on franchissant les Alpes, le peintre tient enfin le sujet id&#233;al : un chef victorieux dont la l&#233;gende est d&#233;j&#224; en train de s&#8217;&#233;crire.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Le mensonge le plus c&#233;l&#232;bre de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art</strong></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic" width="416" height="485.17960088691797" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1052,&quot;width&quot;:902,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:416,&quot;bytes&quot;:151749,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!13iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ecbe4b3-541f-4b54-9f56-e32d475c7350_902x1052.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacques-Louis David, <em>Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes au Grand Saint-Bernard</em>, 1800</figcaption></figure></div><p>Voici ce que repr&#233;sente le tableau : un cheval se cabre, la crini&#232;re dans le vent et les yeux grands ouverts.</p><p>Sur ce cheval, une figure en cape &#233;carlate, le bras lev&#233; vers la montagne, le visage calme et r&#233;solu face &#224; la temp&#234;te. </p><p>En arri&#232;re-plan, des troupes fran&#231;aises tra&#238;nent un canon. </p><p>Dans le ciel, il y a des nuages et sur les rochers au premier plan, on voit trois noms grav&#233;s dans la pierre : <em>Bonaparte</em>, <em>Hannibal</em>, <em>Charlemagne</em>.</p><p>Et voici ce qui s&#8217;est r&#233;ellement pass&#233; : Napol&#233;on a bien franchi les Alpes, mais plusieurs jours apr&#232;s l&#8217;avant-garde de ses troupes. Il n&#8217;&#233;tait pas &#224; cheval. Il &#233;tait sur un mulet, conduit par un guide, sur un chemin &#233;troit. </p><p>Paul Delaroche l&#8217;a peint tel quel, cinquante ans plus tard (manteau ordinaire, posture pr&#233;caire et regard fatigu&#233;). </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic" width="288" height="374.7397640527412" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1875,&quot;width&quot;:1441,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:288,&quot;bytes&quot;:456889,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/200870952?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!io4b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e750a49-1e02-4ce6-ab6b-09afa5c2c804_1441x1875.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Paul Delaroche, <em>Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes, </em>1852</figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><p>Si David a d&#233;cid&#233; de l'id&#233;aliser, c'est pour montrer Napol&#233;on sous les traits d'un chef fort, s&#251;r de lui et capable d'inspirer confiance, c&#8217;est une image con&#231;ue pour marquer durablement les esprits.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>La m&#233;canique de la persuasion</h3><p>D&#233;cortiquons les choix picturaux, parce que rien dans cette toile n'est innocent.</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/lart-comme-propagande-napoleon-traversant">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Renoir, l'homme qui a peint le bonheur]]></title><description><![CDATA[Comment Renoir a transform&#233; les plaisirs simples de la vie en chefs-d'&#339;uvre ?]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/renoir-lhomme-qui-a-peint-le-bonheur</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/renoir-lhomme-qui-a-peint-le-bonheur</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 30 May 2026 12:49:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</p><p>Imaginez une terrasse anim&#233;e au bord de l&#8217;eau. Des amis discutent autour d&#8217;une table, des couples dansent et les rayons du soleil traversent les feuillages. </p><p>Ce monde existe. C&#8217;est celui de Pierre-Auguste Renoir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic" width="531" height="392.0501373626374" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1075,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:531,&quot;bytes&quot;:470914,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nYu4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4512a516-a5f2-4600-b4bf-22d4fa29297d_1920x1417.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le D&#233;jeuner des canotiers, Renoir, 1880-1881</figcaption></figure></div><p>Plus d&#8217;un si&#232;cle apr&#232;s sa disparition, le peintre fran&#231;ais reste l&#8217;un des artistes les plus appr&#233;ci&#233;s au monde. Ses tableaux rayonnent d&#8217;une joie communicative qui continue de s&#233;duire les visiteurs des mus&#233;es.</p><p><strong>Mais comment Renoir est-il devenu le peintre du bonheur ?</strong></p><blockquote><p>Si j&#8217;ai choisi de consacrer cette newsletter &#224; Renoir, ce n&#8217;est pas un hasard.</p><p>Actuellement, le mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay met &#224; l&#8217;honneur le peintre impressionniste. Et le 2 juin prochain, le mus&#233;e d&#8217;Orsay et l&#8217;Orchestre de chambre de Paris organisent un concert au c&#339;ur m&#234;me du mus&#233;e en lien avec Renoir.</p><p><strong>L&#8217;Orchestre de chambre de Paris fait partie des partenaires qui soutiennent mon travail et me permettent de continuer &#224; produire du contenu culturel.</strong></p><p>Si vous souhaitez me donner un petit coup de pouce en retour, vous pouvez aller <strong>liker le r&#233;el consacr&#233; &#224; ce partenariat</strong>. Ce serait adorable. &#128150;</p><p>&#128073;&#127995; <strong><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DY42rXJMRE8/">Cliquez ici pour voir le Reel.</a></strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Des d&#233;buts modestes &#224; Paris</h3><p>N&#233; en 1841 &#224; Limoges, Renoir grandit dans une famille modeste qui s&#8217;installe rapidement &#224; Paris. Tr&#232;s jeune, il montre des dispositions pour le dessin. &#192; seulement treize ans, il entre comme apprenti dans une manufacture de porcelaine o&#249; il d&#233;core tasses, assiettes et vases.</p><p>Ce travail minutieux lui apprend la pr&#233;cision du geste et surtout le go&#251;t des couleurs &#233;clatantes. Apr&#232;s la fermeture de l&#8217;atelier, il gagne sa vie en peignant des &#233;ventails, des d&#233;cors et des stores, tout en suivant des cours de dessin le soir.</p><p>Son r&#234;ve est pourtant ailleurs : devenir artiste.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic" width="332" height="407.9877112135177" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1600,&quot;width&quot;:1302,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:332,&quot;bytes&quot;:416620,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2Q61!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cbab397-2d0d-428f-a4ce-d5a57679d5b4_1302x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Autoportrait, Renoir, 1875</figcaption></figure></div><p>En 1862, il entre &#224; l&#8217;&#201;cole des Beaux-Arts et rejoint l&#8217;atelier de Charles Gleyre. Il y rencontre Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley et Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Bazille. Ces jeunes peintres partagent une m&#234;me frustration : ils trouvent l&#8217;art acad&#233;mique trop rigide, trop &#233;loign&#233; de la vie r&#233;elle.</p><h3>La r&#233;volution sort de l'atelier</h3><p>&#192; cette &#233;poque, la peinture se pratique essentiellement &#224; l&#8217;int&#233;rieur. Les artistes r&#233;alisent leurs &#339;uvres dans des ateliers, sous une lumi&#232;re contr&#244;l&#233;e.</p><p>Mais le XIXe si&#232;cle conna&#238;t de profondes transformations. Les chemins de fer rapprochent les villes des campagnes. Surtout, une invention va bouleverser le monde de l&#8217;art : <strong>le tube de peinture m&#233;tallique.</strong></p><p>Pour la premi&#232;re fois, les artistes peuvent facilement transporter leurs couleurs et peindre directement en plein air.</p><p>Cette innovation joue un r&#244;le essentiel dans la naissance de l&#8217;impressionnisme. Sans les tubes de peinture, Monet, Renoir et leurs amis auraient difficilement pu passer leurs journ&#233;es &#224; peindre directement face &#224; la nature, &#224; observer les changements de lumi&#232;re et &#224; saisir l&#8217;instant.</p><p>Monet et Renoir comprennent imm&#233;diatement les possibilit&#233;s offertes par cette nouvelle libert&#233;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic" width="1366" height="588" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:588,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:246391,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4KAd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3a4ce71-37e1-4c0e-88a4-b205f5867e9d_1366x588.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Durant l&#8217;&#233;t&#233; 1869, ils travaillent c&#244;te &#224; c&#244;te &#224; La Grenouill&#232;re, un caf&#233; flottant tr&#232;s fr&#233;quent&#233; sur les bords de Seine. Ils peignent le m&#234;me sujet mais portent sur lui deux regards diff&#233;rents.</p><p>Monet observe l&#8217;eau, les reflets et les variations de lumi&#232;re.</p><p>Renoir observe les promeneurs, les conversations, les rires et les rencontres.</p><p>Il comprend alors ce qui deviendra le fil conducteur de toute son &#339;uvre : <strong>peindre la joie humaine.</strong></p><h3><strong>L'art de saisir l'instant</strong></h3><p>Avec ses amis, Renoir participe &#224; la premi&#232;re exposition impressionniste organis&#233;e en 1874.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic" width="413" height="516.25" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1600,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:413,&quot;bytes&quot;:257596,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38381b71-e70d-4862-ba1f-a937bbe91c5c_1280x1600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La Loge, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1874</figcaption></figure></div><p>Parmi les &#339;uvres qu&#8217;il pr&#233;sente figure notamment <em>La Loge</em>, un tableau repr&#233;sentant une &#233;l&#233;gante spectatrice &#224; l&#8217;op&#233;ra tandis qu&#8217;un homme, plac&#233; derri&#232;re elle, observe la salle avec ses jumelles.</p><p>L&#8217;exposition provoque un v&#233;ritable scandale.</p><p>Les critiques jugent les &#339;uvres inachev&#233;es, mal dessin&#233;es et trop &#233;loign&#233;es des standards acad&#233;miques. Pourtant, Renoir poursuit ses recherches avec d&#233;termination.</p><h2>La lumi&#232;re qui danse</h2><p>S&#8217;il partage avec Monet la passion de la lumi&#232;re, Renoir d&#233;veloppe une approche tr&#232;s personnelle.</p><p>L&#224; o&#249; Monet &#233;tudie les paysages, Renoir observe <strong>les effets du soleil sur les visages, les robes et les corps.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic" width="516" height="383.45604395604397" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1082,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:516,&quot;bytes&quot;:586720,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd535d495-d60c-49f3-879a-c8907df04e14_1920x1427.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bal du moulin de la Galette, Renoir, 1876</figcaption></figure></div><p>Son chef-d&#8217;&#339;uvre <em>Le Bal du Moulin de la Galette</em> illustre parfaitement cette recherche.</p><p>La sc&#232;ne repr&#233;sente un dimanche apr&#232;s-midi &#224; Montmartre. Les danseurs discutent, rient et profitent du moment. Les rayons du soleil traversent les feuillages et cr&#233;ent une multitude de taches lumineuses sur les v&#234;tements et les visages.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, cet effet nous para&#238;t naturel.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;&#233;poque, il choque profond&#233;ment.</p><p>Les critiques consid&#232;rent ces ombres bleues, violettes ou vertes comme des erreurs de peinture. Certains vont m&#234;me jusqu&#8217;&#224; comparer les carnations de ses personnages &#224; de la chair en d&#233;composition.</p><p>Renoir sait pourtant qu&#8217;il est dans le vrai. Il cherche &#224; reproduire ce que l&#8217;&#339;il voit r&#233;ellement dans la nature, et non ce que les conventions acad&#233;miques imposent.</p><h2>Le peintre des plaisirs simples</h2><p>Contrairement &#224; de nombreux artistes de son temps, Renoir ne s&#8217;int&#233;resse ni aux drames historiques ni aux grands &#233;v&#233;nements politiques.</p><p>Ses sujets sont les plaisirs du quotidien. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic" width="320" height="418.5" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1674,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:320,&quot;bytes&quot;:558613,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NDvJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d1181fb-3fd4-44bd-83d8-186a7379e032_1280x1674.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La Balan&#231;oire, Renoir, 1876</figcaption></figure></div><p>Il peint des amis qui partagent un d&#233;jeuner au bord de l&#8217;eau, des couples qui dansent dans les guinguettes parisiennes, des familles qui profitent d&#8217;un apr&#232;s-midi ensoleill&#233; et des promeneurs qui fl&#226;nent dans les jardins de la capitale.</p><p>&#192; travers ces sc&#232;nes famili&#232;res, Renoir affirme une id&#233;e r&#233;volutionnaire :<strong> les moments ordinaires m&#233;ritent eux aussi d&#8217;entrer dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</strong></p><p>Cette vision est h&#233;rit&#233;e en partie des peintres rococo du XVIIIe si&#232;cle, comme Fragonard ou Watteau, qui c&#233;l&#233;braient d&#233;j&#224; les loisirs, l&#8217;&#233;l&#233;gance et le plaisir de vivre. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic" width="550" height="363.27821011673154" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:679,&quot;width&quot;:1028,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:550,&quot;bytes&quot;:167637,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dczr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3afd16e4-b539-437b-99ed-85875bd82434_1028x679.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Renoir reprend cette tradition mais la transpose dans le Paris moderne.</p><h2>Le D&#233;jeuner des Canotiers : une c&#233;l&#233;bration de la vie</h2><p>En 1881, Renoir r&#233;alise l&#8217;une de ses &#339;uvres les plus c&#233;l&#232;bres : <em>Le D&#233;jeuner des Canotiers</em>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic" width="554" height="409.0315934065934" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1075,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:554,&quot;bytes&quot;:470914,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RiJw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fb2877d-8dff-4d84-8e91-392253da3a84_1920x1417.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le D&#233;jeuner des canotiers, Renoir, 1880-1881</figcaption></figure></div><p>Les personnages discutent, plaisantent et profitent de la fin d&#8217;un d&#233;jeuner apr&#232;s une sortie en bateau. Renoir organise soigneusement sa composition pour donner au spectateur l&#8217;impression d&#8217;assister &#224; un moment authentique de convivialit&#233;.</p><p>Le tableau rassemble quatorze <strong>personnages</strong> identifi&#233;s. Au premier plan, Aline Charigot illumine la sc&#232;ne de son sourire radieux. Chaque individu <strong>peint</strong> occupe une place parfaitement d&#233;finie dans ce r&#233;cit visuel empreint de convivialit&#233;.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Aline Charigot</strong> : future &#233;pouse de l&#8217;artiste, elle incarne la joie au c&#339;ur de cette toile.</p></li><li><p><strong>Gustave Caillebotte</strong> : ce c&#233;l&#232;bre <strong>peintre impressionniste</strong> est assis en face d&#8217;Aline.</p></li><li><p><strong>Le p&#232;re Fournaise</strong> : le propri&#233;taire de l&#8217;auberge observe tranquillement ses invit&#233;s depuis l&#8217;arri&#232;re.</p></li><li><p><strong>Alphonsine Fournaise</strong> : adoss&#233;e &#224; la balustrade, la fille de la maison affiche une &#233;l&#233;gance bourgeoise.</p></li></ul><p>Au centre, Ang&#232;le Legault l&#232;ve un verre de vin, dans un geste qui symbolise parfaitement la <strong>convivialit&#233;</strong> &#224; la fran&#231;aise. &#192; ses c&#244;t&#233;s, le baron Raoul Barbier converse joyeusement avec la charmante Alphonsine.  </p><p>L&#8217;&#339;uvre r&#233;sume parfaitement la philosophie du peintre : <strong>montrer que les plus grands bonheurs naissent souvent des moments les plus simples.</strong></p><h2>Une remise en question inattendue</h2><p>Au d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 1880, alors qu&#8217;il conna&#238;t enfin le succ&#232;s, Renoir traverse une crise artistique.</p><p>Lors d&#8217;un voyage en Italie, il d&#233;couvre les &#339;uvres de Rapha&#235;l et des grands ma&#238;tres de la Renaissance.</p><p>Leur ma&#238;trise du dessin et de la composition le bouleverse.</p><p>Renoir commence alors &#224; penser que l&#8217;impressionnisme ne suffit plus. Il souhaite retrouver davantage de structure et de solidit&#233; dans ses figures.</p><p>Il cherche donc &#224; combiner la libert&#233; de la lumi&#232;re impressionniste avec la rigueur du dessin classique.</p><p>Cette &#233;volution donnera naissance &#224; plusieurs &#339;uvres majeures, notamment <em>Danse &#224; Bougival</em>, o&#249; il parvient &#224; unir mouvement, &#233;l&#233;gance et modernit&#233;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic" width="408" height="774.35" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1822,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:408,&quot;bytes&quot;:539266,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIXj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d8d7d2-be36-45f7-b105-1c37468feafd_960x1822.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Danse &#224; Bougival, Renoir, 1883</figcaption></figure></div><h2>La cons&#233;cration</h2><p>Gr&#226;ce &#224; ses portraits, Renoir devient progressivement l&#8217;un des artistes les plus recherch&#233;s de Paris.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic" width="370" height="298.3379120879121" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1174,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:370,&quot;bytes&quot;:407152,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ag4L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c9a2c9f-783e-4718-83fe-11532896ae28_1905x1536.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Madame Charpentier et ses enfants, Renoir, 1878</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le portrait de Madame Charpentier et de ses enfants lui ouvre les portes de la haute soci&#233;t&#233;. Les commandes affluent.</p><p>Celui qui avait longtemps connu les difficult&#233;s financi&#232;res acc&#232;de enfin &#224; la reconnaissance.</p><h2>Peindre jusqu&#8217;au bout</h2><p>La derni&#232;re partie de sa vie est marqu&#233;e par une terrible arthrite.</p><p>La maladie d&#233;forme progressivement ses mains et limite chacun de ses mouvements.</p><p>Install&#233; dans le sud de la France, il continue &#224; peindre chaque jour. Lorsque ses doigts ne peuvent plus tenir un pinceau, celui-ci est attach&#233; &#224; son bras afin qu&#8217;il puisse poursuivre son travail.</p><p>Il continue ainsi &#224; cr&#233;er jusqu&#8217;&#224; ses derniers jours.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic" width="850" height="582" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:582,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:102957,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199856875?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iNyv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9684b94-4d0b-48a2-99ed-942a7c2873a4_850x582.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Les Baigneuses, Renoir, 1918-1919</figcaption></figure></div><p>Lorsqu&#8217;il meurt en 1919 &#224; l&#8217;&#226;ge de 78 ans, il laisse derri&#232;re lui plusieurs milliers d&#8217;&#339;uvres.</p><h2>Pourquoi Renoir nous touche encore aujourd&#8217;hui</h2><p>Renoir n&#8217;a jamais cherch&#233; &#224; peindre un monde parfait.</p><p>Il a choisi de montrer ce que la vie offre de plus pr&#233;cieux : la lumi&#232;re d&#8217;un apr&#232;s-midi d&#8217;&#233;t&#233;, la pr&#233;sence des &#234;tres aim&#233;s, le plaisir d&#8217;une conversation ou la joie d&#8217;un moment partag&#233;.</p><p>C&#8217;est sans doute pour cette raison que ses tableaux continuent de nous &#233;mouvoir.</p><p><strong>Ils nous rappellent que le bonheur ne se trouve pas toujours dans les &#233;v&#233;nements extraordinaires. Il se cache souvent dans les instants les plus simples.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p>Si ce n&#8217;est pas d&#233;j&#224; fait, pensez &#224; aller liker le r&#233;el consacr&#233; &#224; mon partenariat avec l&#8217;Orchestre de chambre de Paris. <strong>Votre soutien me permet de continuer &#224; cr&#233;er ce type de contenu culturel.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/DY42rXJMRE8/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Voir le Reel&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DY42rXJMRE8/"><span>Voir le Reel</span></a></p><p>Et si vous souhaitez approfondir vos connaissances en histoire de l&#8217;art, j&#8217;ai r&#233;cemment lanc&#233; mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour se cultiver en histoire de l&#8217;art </strong>&#187;.</p><p>Chaque jour, vous d&#233;couvrez une &#339;uvre majeure, son contexte historique, ses secrets de composition et les cl&#233;s n&#233;cessaires pour mieux la comprendre.</p><p>Le tarif actuel est un tarif de lancement, donc le prix va augmenter. </p><p>&#128073; <strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/">Cliquez ici pour profiter du tarif actuel.</a></strong></p><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p>P.S : Vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de <strong>-10% sur toutes ces exp&#233;riences</strong> avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Guernica : le tableau qui n’a jamais cessé de déranger]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une peinture contre la violence]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/guernica-le-tableau-qui-na-jamais</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/guernica-le-tableau-qui-na-jamais</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 24 May 2026 05:01:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</p><p>Dans cette &#233;dition, j&#8217;ai d&#233;cid&#233; de vous parler du tableau <strong>Guernica, de Pablo Picasso</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic" width="1456" height="666" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:666,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:368757,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!43n-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90cbaf46-8df4-4fc5-adae-3566abc4fad8_2185x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>Avant d'entrer dans le vif du sujet, j'ai lanc&#233; mon programme <strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/">&#171; 30 jours pour se cultiver en histoire de l'art &#187;</a></strong>, avec une &#339;uvre d&#233;crypt&#233;e chaque jour. </p><p>Les onze premi&#232;res sont d&#233;j&#224; disponibles. Vous pouvez d&#232;s maintenant en apprendre davantage sur <strong>la V&#233;nus de Milo, la Naissance de V&#233;nus, la Cr&#233;ation d'Adam, la Joconde ou encore le Jardin des d&#233;lices</strong>. J'ai tourn&#233; une vid&#233;o de pr&#233;sentation que vous d&#233;couvrirez sur la <strong><a href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/">page du programme</a></strong>. </p><p>Les premiers retours sont tomb&#233;s, et ce que les membres appr&#233;cient, c'est le format : <strong>une vid&#233;o, le texte, des exercices &#224; faire chaque jour pour bien retenir, et un glossaire</strong>. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;D&#233;couvrir le programme&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/"><span>D&#233;couvrir le programme</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>Le contexte de Guernica</h3><p>En 1937,<strong> l&#8217;Espagne est en pleine guerre civile. </strong></p><p>Elle <strong>oppose les troupes du g&#233;n&#233;ral Franco aux d&#233;fenseurs de la R&#233;publique, &#233;lue par le peuple</strong>. Franco b&#233;n&#233;ficie du soutien de l&#8217;Allemagne hitl&#233;rienne et de l&#8217;Italie de Mussolini. Le 26 avril, leurs avions bombardent la petite ville basque de Guernica. Ils l&#226;chent des bombes et mitraillent les habitants en fuite. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic" width="446" height="326.3959899749373" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:584,&quot;width&quot;:798,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:446,&quot;bytes&quot;:76418,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8eG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d53715-1ded-43ad-9cec-681e316745a2_798x584.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Guernica apr&#232;s le bombardement</figcaption></figure></div><p>La nouvelle arrive jusqu&#8217;&#224; Picasso, qui vit &#224; Paris. Il est alors l&#8217;artiste le plus c&#233;l&#232;bre du monde, mais il traverse une crise. Le gouvernement r&#233;publicain lui a command&#233; une peinture murale pour le pavillon espagnol de l&#8217;Exposition universelle de Paris. Il fixe sa toile depuis des semaines, mais il n&#8217;a aucune inspiration. </p><p>Le bombardement agit sur lui comme un &#233;lectrochoc. Il se met au travail dans son atelier. <strong>En moins de six semaines, il r&#233;alise des dizaines d&#8217;&#233;tudes et termine le tableau. </strong>Sa compagne Dora Maar photographie chaque &#233;tape de la cr&#233;ation.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic" width="1456" height="1041" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1041,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:406060,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tIJD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db27654-f8d9-4609-9a81-acaaae988679_2103x1504.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photographie de Dora Maar</figcaption></figure></div><h3>Zoom sur l'&#339;uvre</h3><p>La toile fait<strong> trois m&#232;tres et demi de haut et pr&#232;s de huit m&#232;tres de large</strong>. Elle n'a aucune couleur, et ce n'est pas un hasard. En 1937, les gens lisent l'actualit&#233; dans les journaux, en noir et blanc. <strong>Picasso a donc peint la guerre comme on la voyait &#224; l'&#233;poque.</strong></p><p>Le plus frappant reste la sc&#232;ne elle-m&#234;me. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic" width="1456" height="666" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:666,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:368757,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u9va!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F276835f5-46dc-4a8b-aa18-89239ad3a35d_2185x1000.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Elle plonge le spectateur dans le chaos de la guerre. </p><p>Tout &#224; gauche, on y voit une m&#232;re. Elle hurle vers le ciel et serre son enfant mort contre elle. </p><p>&#192; c&#244;t&#233; d&#8217;elle, un taureau observe la sc&#232;ne. </p><p>Tout en bas, il y a un soldat &#224; terre qui tient une &#233;p&#233;e bris&#233;e. </p><p>Presque au milieu, on remarque un cheval transperc&#233; qui se cabre de douleur. </p><p>Pr&#232;s de lui, une autre femme tend une lampe &#224; p&#233;trole.</p><p>Sur la droite, une femme est prise dans les flammes. </p><p>Sa composition s&#8217;inspire de <strong>Rubens</strong> et de son tableau Les Cons&#233;quences de la guerre, peint vers 1637. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic" width="476" height="476" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:476,&quot;bytes&quot;:190065,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A8-6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5dd034b-cc03-4e31-bd25-ae17f099579f_1080x1080.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Guernica en haut - Les Cons&#233;quences de la guerre de Rubens en bas</figcaption></figure></div><p>La m&#232;re qui tient son enfant rappelle aussi la<strong> Piet&#224; de Michel-Ange</strong>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic" width="452" height="374.3901098901099" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1206,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:452,&quot;bytes&quot;:543230,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x0qD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F580b1ce2-3e16-4dd1-93d1-6ef66019e58e_1920x1590.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le geste du soldat &#233;voque le condamn&#233; du<strong> Tres de Mayo de Goya</strong>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic" width="442" height="337.26785714285717" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1111,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:442,&quot;bytes&quot;:522811,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sfFE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa91b29de-f9a1-480c-ac0a-bf0e8380a308_1920x1465.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Quand on interroge Picasso sur la signification de son &#339;uvre, il refuse de donner une explication. <strong>Il r&#233;pond que chacun y verra ce qu&#8217;il veut.</strong> Guernica n&#8217;est pas le r&#233;cit exact de l&#8217;attaque. Picasso n&#8217;a m&#234;me jamais visit&#233; la ville. <strong>Il a voulu peindre un cri universel contre la guerre.</strong></p><h3><strong>Un exil, puis un retour</strong></h3><p>Pr&#233;sent&#233; en 1937 &#224; l&#8217;Exposition universelle,<strong> le tableau re&#231;oit un accueil ti&#232;de.</strong> </p><p>Il part ensuite en voyage. On l&#8217;expose en Europe du Nord, puis en Grande-Bretagne. Il traverse l&#8217;Atlantique pour rejoindre les &#201;tats-Unis. </p><p>&#192; chaque exposition, <strong>on r&#233;colte des dons pour les r&#233;fugi&#233;s de la guerre civile.</strong> </p><p>Quand la Seconde Guerre mondiale &#233;clate en 1939, Picasso met son &#339;uvre &#224; l&#8217;abri au MoMA de New York. Il pose une condition : <strong>le tableau restera aux &#201;tats-Unis tant que l&#8217;Espagne ne sera pas redevenue une d&#233;mocratie.</strong></p><blockquote><p>On raconte qu&#8217;un jour, un officier allemand voit une photo du tableau chez Picasso, dans le Paris occup&#233;. Il lui demande s&#8217;il est l&#8217;auteur de cette &#339;uvre. Picasso r&#233;pond : <strong>non, c&#8217;est vous</strong>. </p></blockquote><p>Franco a gouvern&#233; d&#8217;une main de fer jusqu&#8217;en 1975. Picasso est mort deux ans avant lui, sans avoir revu sa toile en Espagne. <strong>L&#8217;&#339;uvre n&#8217;est rentr&#233;e qu&#8217;en 1981.</strong> Elle se trouve aujourd&#8217;hui au mus&#233;e Reina Sof&#237;a de Madrid. Elle ne voyagera plus jamais, car les ann&#233;es de tourn&#233;e l&#8217;ont trop ab&#238;m&#233;e.</p><p>Et pourtant, ce cri continue de d&#233;ranger. </p><p>Une tapisserie qui reproduit Guernica est accroch&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;entr&#233;e du Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l&#8217;ONU. En 2003, les &#201;tats-Unis viennent y d&#233;fendre leur projet de guerre en Irak. <strong>Ce jour-l&#224;, on cache la tapisserie derri&#232;re un rideau.</strong> </p><p>Voil&#224; toute la force de Guernica. Le peintre est mort, le dictateur aussi, <strong>mais le tableau, lui, n&#8217;a rien perdu de son influence.</strong></p><p>Si cette &#233;dition vous a plu, sachez qu&#8217;une nouvelle &#339;uvre vous attend chaque jour dans mon programme <strong>&#171; 30 jours pour se cultiver en histoire de l&#8217;art &#187;.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Cliquez ici pour nous rejoindre.&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thewondersuccess.com/30-jours-pour-developper-votre-culture-en-histoire-de-lart/"><span>Cliquez ici pour nous rejoindre.</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic" width="1366" height="668" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:668,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:83120,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/199018860?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e9Om!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe316332e-6c82-4da3-ace8-3da83f1c793e_1366x668.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p>P.S : Vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de <strong>-10% sur toutes ces exp&#233;riences</strong> avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Votre accès au nouveau programme 🎀]]></title><description><![CDATA[30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/votre-acces-au-nouveau-programme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/votre-acces-au-nouveau-programme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 09 May 2026 09:51:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mCIT!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ea7e83e-60b1-4c45-9f8b-c28e44b4b561_1034x1034.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bonjour,</p><p>Je voulais vous informer que, gr&#226;ce &#224; votre abonnement &#224; la Lettre d&#8217;Alexandrina, vous aurez automatiquement acc&#232;s &#224; mon nouveau programme :</p><p><strong>&#8220;30 jours pour d&#233;velopper votre culture en histoire de l&#8217;art&#8221;.</strong></p><p>Pendant 30 jours, vous d&#233;couvrirez 30 chefs-d&#8217;&#339;uvre majeurs de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#224; travers :</p><p>&#10024; une vid&#233;o par jour pour approfondir une &#339;uvre ;</p><p>&#10024; une version texte par jour pour consolider vos connaissances ;</p><p>&#10024; un exercice de m&#233;morisation quotidien ;</p><p>&#10024; des quiz r&#233;guliers pour retenir durablement ce que vous apprenez.</p><p>En compl&#233;ment des 30 le&#231;ons, vous recevrez un mini-programme bonus exclusif consacr&#233; aux femmes majeures de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><p>Vous d&#233;couvrirez les artistes, les &#339;uvres et les histoires que l&#8217;on &#233;tudie encore trop rarement, malgr&#233; leur influence immense sur l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><p>La premi&#232;re le&#231;on sera disponible le mercredi 13 mai, puis vous recevrez ensuite une nouvelle &#339;uvre &#224; &#233;tudier chaque jour pendant 30 jours.</p><p>Vous n&#8217;avez rien &#224; faire de plus : l&#8217;acc&#232;s est directeme&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/votre-acces-au-nouveau-programme">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Pourquoi Monet a-t-il décidé de vivre à Giverny ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[2026 marque les cent ans de la disparition de ce grand peintre.]]></description><link>https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/pourquoi-monet-a-t-il-decide-de-vivre</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/p/pourquoi-monet-a-t-il-decide-de-vivre</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alexandrina Nogueira De Sousa]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 20:14:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chers Alexandriniens, ch&#232;res Alexandriniennes,</p><p>L&#8217;ann&#233;e 2026 marque le <strong>centenaire de la mort de Claude Mone</strong>t, et plusieurs expositions lui sont consacr&#233;es. </p><p>L'une d'elles, au Mus&#233;e des Impressionnismes de Giverny, se penche pr&#233;cis&#233;ment sur ses premi&#232;res ann&#233;es dans le village de Giverny, entre 1883 et 1890.</p><p>C&#8217;est ce qui m&#8217;a donn&#233; envie de vous consacrer un sujet sur une question qu&#8217;on ne se pose pas toujours : </p><blockquote><p><strong>Pourquoi Monet a-t-il d&#233;cid&#233; de s&#8217;installer &#224; Giverny, et surtout, pourquoi n&#8217;en est-il jamais reparti ? </strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Avant de commencer, sachez que vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de -10% sur toutes les exp&#233;riences pr&#233;sent&#233;es ci-dessous avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> :</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands4xr">LUMINISCENCE : L&#8217;Odyss&#233;e C&#233;leste &#8211; Spectacle immersif &#224; l&#8217;&#233;glise Saint-Eustache</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><p>Et abonnez-vous &#224; mon <a href="https://www.instagram.com/alexandrina.nds/">compte Instagram</a> pour apprendre chaque jour un peu plus d&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Revenons &#224; Monet&#8230;</em></p><p>En 1878, lorsque les familles de Claude Monet et d&#8217;Ernest Hosched&#233;, toutes deux en difficult&#233; financi&#232;re, sont contraintes de vivre ensemble &#224; V&#233;theuil, o&#249; elles m&#232;nent une vie commune avec leurs huit enfants. </p><p>Dans ce contexte de promiscuit&#233;, Monet se rapproche d&#8217;Alice Hosched&#233;, tandis que Camille Monet, sa premi&#232;re &#233;pouse, est gravement malade.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic" width="294" height="452.94375" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1479,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:294,&quot;bytes&quot;:256274,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kkIo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea84686-136c-4510-bbc2-52db0641a5de_960x1479.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La Femme &#224; la robe verte, Claude Monet, 1866 (Le mod&#232;le est Camille).</figcaption></figure></div><p>Monet appr&#233;cie particuli&#232;rement V&#233;theuil pour son &#233;glise et ses effets de lumi&#232;re li&#233;s aux crues. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic" width="410" height="330.64516129032256" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:744,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:410,&quot;bytes&quot;:120906,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Be!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7fae981-1c55-4736-9629-61ab76b153f4_744x600.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Vetheuil, L&#8217;Inondation, 1881, Claude Monet</figcaption></figure></div><p>Il n&#8217;est pas encore pleinement reconnu, mais b&#233;n&#233;ficie du soutien de figures importantes comme le peintre Gustave Caillebotte et le marchand d&#8217;art Paul Durand-Ruel. </p><p>Apr&#232;s la mort de Camille, Monet souhaite vivre avec Alice et leurs enfants. La famille est nombreuse et il cherche un lieu o&#249; les &#233;lever durablement. </p><p>Sur les conseils d&#8217;&#201;mile Zola, il tente Poissy, mais l&#8217;exp&#233;rience est un &#233;chec : les inondations y sont fr&#233;quentes, au point qu&#8217;il dira passer plus de temps en batelier qu&#8217;&#224; peindre.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic" width="404" height="301.6533333333333" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:448,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:404,&quot;bytes&quot;:55087,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZhEd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa22acd11-7c63-4711-aa1f-9527814c1e62_600x448.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Panorama de Vernon, 1886, Claude Monet</figcaption></figure></div><p>Il se rend r&#233;guli&#232;rement &#224; Vernon et ses environs, pour peindre et rechercher une maison. Aucun lieu ne lui apporte la stabilit&#233; recherch&#233;e.</p><p>C&#8217;est en 1883 qu&#8217;il s&#8217;installe &#224; Giverny, un petit village d&#8217;environ 267 habitants. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic" width="1311" height="440" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:1311,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:176070,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LfT7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3570311-5e3f-486f-bd7d-6687992991d6_1311x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Plusieurs raisons expliquent ce choix : un environnement riche en eau, des effets de lumi&#232;re changeants, une v&#233;g&#233;tation abondante, des paysages vari&#233;s entre plaine, collines calcaires et rivi&#232;re, un cadre calme pour &#233;lever ses enfants, et une proximit&#233; avec Paris qui reste d&#233;terminante. </p><p>Il faut ajouter que Monet fuit des cr&#233;anciers, ce qui n'est pas &#233;tranger &#224; son installation dans ce village.</p><p>Ses d&#233;buts &#224; Giverny sont loin d&#8217;&#234;tre sereins. </p><p>Le village, compos&#233; en grande partie de familles paysannes, l&#8217;accueille avec une certaine m&#233;fiance. Relativement isol&#233; et mal accept&#233;, il arpente les champs. Il multiplie les esquisses, doute constamment et d&#233;truit de nombreuses &#339;uvres. Il se plaint fr&#233;quemment aupr&#232;s de Durand-Ruel de la difficult&#233; de peindre. Loin d&#8217;un Monet serein, cette p&#233;riode r&#233;v&#232;le un artiste en crise, mais aussi extr&#234;mement f&#233;cond.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic" width="1366" height="500" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:500,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:205728,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DBip!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08f01dc3-5a09-43fe-8be9-e554164062aa_1366x500.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#192; Giverny, il s&#8217;int&#233;resse aux collines, aux champs de coquelicots, et &#224; l&#8217;Epte. Il peint &#233;galement la Prairie, le hameau de Falaise, ainsi que les meules de foin. </p><p>Il peint plusieurs toiles en m&#234;me temps, souvent en ext&#233;rieur, puis les finalise en atelier. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic" width="1366" height="459" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:147965,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgfS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F740fe5dc-84e1-444a-b856-d906febcb1e7_1366x459.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Il voyage aussi beaucoup, en Hollande, en Italie, &#224; &#201;tretat, dans la Creuse, et ces voyages nourrissent directement son travail &#224; Giverny. </p><p>En parall&#232;le, sa situation familiale se stabilise. Monet r&#233;ussit &#224; consolider sa relation avec Alice, qui h&#233;sitait alors &#224; retourner aupr&#232;s de son mari. Apr&#232;s le d&#233;c&#232;s de ce dernier, Monet l&#8217;&#233;pouse en 1892. </p><p>Cette stabilit&#233; affective s'accompagne d'une reconnaissance sociale et artistique nouvelle. </p><p>En 1890, il ach&#232;te sa propri&#233;t&#233;. Pour la premi&#232;re fois de sa vie, il est propri&#233;taire et peut am&#233;nager son jardin selon sa volont&#233;. Monet, longtemps nomade, toujours locataire, parvient enfin &#224; s&#8217;installer durablement. </p><p>C'est aussi &#224; cette p&#233;riode que sa carri&#232;re bascule et qu&#8217;il devient une figure internationale majeure et son &#339;uvre rencontre un immense succ&#232;s.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;occasion du centenaire de sa disparition, le <a href="https://www.mdig.fr/expositions-et-activites/expositions/avant-les-nympheas-monet-decouvre-giverny-1883-1890/">Mus&#233;e des Impressionnismes Giverny organise une exposition</a> consacr&#233;e &#224; ses premi&#232;res ann&#233;es dans le village. Parmi la trentaine d&#8217;&#339;uvres pr&#233;sent&#233;es, beaucoup sont in&#233;dites pour le public, certaines provenant de collections priv&#233;es. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic" width="340" height="420.08565310492503" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1154,&quot;width&quot;:934,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:340,&quot;bytes&quot;:361693,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://lalettredalexandrina.substack.com/i/194215497?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21c414c-7d66-4610-848f-025be57a5a92_934x1154.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Autoportrait coiff&#233; d&#8217;un b&#233;ret, 1886, Claude Monet</figcaption></figure></div><p>L&#8217;<a href="https://www.mdig.fr/expositions-et-activites/expositions/avant-les-nympheas-monet-decouvre-giverny-1883-1890/">exposition</a> r&#233;unit aussi des &#339;uvres embl&#233;matiques, comme l&#8217;Autoportrait de Claude Monet coiff&#233; d&#8217;un b&#233;ret. </p><p>Ce qu&#8217;il y a de particuli&#232;rement marquant, c&#8217;est de revoir ces &#339;uvres sur le lieu m&#234;me o&#249; elles ont &#233;t&#233; peintes : en se promenant autour du mus&#233;e et de Giverny, vous pouvez reconna&#238;tre les paysages et mieux comprendre le regard de Monet.</p><p>&#192; bient&#244;t,</p><p>Alexandrina</p><div><hr></div><p>P.S : Vous pouvez b&#233;n&#233;ficier de <strong>-10% sur toutes ces exp&#233;riences</strong> avec mon code promo <strong>ALEXANDRINANDS10</strong> &#128071;&#127995;</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands8d0">Renaissance : de Vinci, Rapha&#235;l, Michel-Ange &#8211; L&#8217;exp&#233;rience immersive &#224; l&#8217;Atelier des Lumi&#232;res</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands27u">La L&#233;gende du Titanic : L&#8217;exposition ultime</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands4xr">LUMINISCENCE : L&#8217;Odyss&#233;e C&#233;leste &#8211; Spectacle immersif &#224; l&#8217;&#233;glise Saint-Eustache</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands1ib">La Cit&#233; Immersive des Fables</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://glnk.io/lrqwl/feverxalexandrinands0ib">Expo Street Paris - Zoo Art Show Paris</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>P.P.S : Si cette lettre vous a plu, vous pouvez laisser un &#10084;&#65039; ou un commentaire en bas de la page.</strong> &#199;a me fait plaisir de lire vos retours, et &#231;a m&#8217;aide &#224; identifier les sujets qui vous int&#233;ressent le plus. Merci d&#8217;avance ! &#128591;</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>